Kurucu \u0130ktidar ve Siyasal \u00d6znenin Varl\u0131k Bi\u00e7imi<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Anayasal d\u00fczenin karakteri, anayasay\u0131 yapan ir\u00e2denin konumu ve vatanda\u015f\u0131n siyasal \u00f6zne olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile ilgilidir. Anayasay\u0131 mevcut anayasal d\u00fczen i\u00e7inde bir iktidar\u0131n m\u0131 yoksa kurucu iktidar\u0131n m\u0131 yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorusu burada \u00f6nem kazanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kurucu iktidar kavram\u0131, anayasal d\u00fczenin anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan merkezi \u00f6neme sahiptir. Kurucu iktidar, mevcut anayasal d\u00fczenin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde hareket eden bir iktidar de\u011fil anayasal d\u00fczeni kuran ve onun \u00fczerinde yer alan asl\u00ee siyasal ir\u00e2dedir. Bu ba\u011flamda, anayasal d\u00fczen, siyasal \u00f6znenin kurumsalla\u015fm\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kurucu iktidar\u0131n devlete mi yoksa topluma m\u0131 ait oldu\u011fu sorusu, anayasal d\u00fczenin karakterini belirleyen temel sorudur. E\u011fer kurucu iktidar devlete aitse vatanda\u015f, devlet taraf\u0131ndan tan\u0131mlanan bir var olan h\u00e2line gelir. Ancak kurucu iktidar topluma aitse devlet toplum taraf\u0131ndan kurulmu\u015f bir ara\u00e7 h\u00e2line gelir. Bu ayr\u0131m, anayasal d\u00fczenlerin en temel varl\u0131k ayr\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturur. Bu nedenle anayasal d\u00fczenin karakteri, vatanda\u015f\u0131n siyasal \u00f6zne olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorusuyla do\u011frudan ili\u015fkilidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Anayasa, Bir Devlet Metni de\u011fil Bir \u0130nsan Projesidir<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Anayasa, yaln\u0131zca devletin organizasyonunu d\u00fczenleyen bir belge de\u011fildir. Anayasa, ayn\u0131 zamanda belirli bir insan tipini \u00fcreten kurucu bir siyasal projedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Anayasa, yaln\u0131zca devleti kurmaz; ayn\u0131 zamanda vatanda\u015f\u0131n \u201ckim\u201d olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirler. Bu nedenle anayasal tart\u0131\u015fmalar, yaln\u0131zca devletin nas\u0131l y\u00f6netilece\u011fi sorusu de\u011fil ayn\u0131 zamanda nas\u0131l bir bireyin ve nas\u0131l bir toplumun in\u015f\u00e2 edilece\u011fi sorusudur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bu nedenle anayasal d\u00fczenin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemesi, yaln\u0131zca hukuk kuram\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde de\u011fil ayn\u0131 zamanda iktidar kuram\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde ele al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r. Anayasa, yaln\u0131zca normatif bir belge de\u011fil ayn\u0131 zamanda belirli bir iktidar bi\u00e7iminin kurucu ifadesidir. Bu ba\u011flamda anayasa, yaln\u0131zca devletin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 belirlemez; ayn\u0131 zamanda bireyin kim olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da belirler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bu kuramsal \u00e7er\u00e7evede anayasa, \u00fc\u00e7 temel i\u015flev g\u00f6r\u00fcr: Devleti kurar, iktidar\u0131 me\u015fr\u00fbla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r, vatanda\u015f\u0131 \u00fcretir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Anayasal D\u00fczen ve Vatanda\u015f\u0131n Depolitizasyonu<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de anayasal geli\u015fim s\u00fcreci, vatanda\u015f\u0131n kurucu \u00f6zne niteli\u011finden giderek uzakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcme i\u015faret etmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
1921 Te\u015fkilat-\u0131 Esasiye Kanunu, kurucu bir vatanda\u015f tipi \u00fcretirken, sonraki anayasal d\u00fczenlemeler, vatanda\u015f\u0131n politik kurucu rol\u00fcn\u00fc giderek s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7, anayasan\u0131n vatanda\u015f\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc geni\u015fleten bir ara\u00e7 olmaktan ziyade, devletin s\u00fcreklili\u011fini g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na alan bir ara\u00e7 h\u00e2line gelmesine yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm, hegemonik r\u0131z\u00e2 \u00fcretiminin g\u00fc\u00e7lenmesi, \u00f6znele\u015ftirme mekanizmalar\u0131n\u0131n yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131 ve hukukun ahl\u00e2k\u00ee temelden uzakla\u015fmas\u0131 ile yak\u0131ndan ili\u015fkilidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Sonu\u00e7 itibar\u0131 ile T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de anayasa, vatanda\u015f\u0131n kurucu \u00f6zne niteli\u011fini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmekten ziyade, onu devlet d\u00fczeninin i\u015fleyi\u015fine entegre eden bir normatif \u00e7er\u00e7eve \u00fcretmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Cumhuriyetten G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze Anayasalar<\/h2>\n\n\n\n1. 1921 Te\u015fkilat-\u0131 Esasiye Kanunu: Kurucu\u2013Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele Vatanda\u015f\u0131<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131 ko\u015fullar\u0131nda, devletin hen\u00fcz kurulma s\u00fcrecinde oldu\u011fu bir d\u00f6nemde kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Temel \u00f6zellikleri:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- \n
- Egemenlik, kay\u0131ts\u0131z \u015farts\u0131z millete aittir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Yerinden y\u00f6netim ve meclis \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc esast\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Devlet yap\u0131s\u0131 hen\u00fcz ideolojik olarak kat\u0131 bi\u00e7imde tan\u0131mlanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckten \u00e7ok egemenli\u011fin kayna\u011f\u0131na odaklan\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Talep etti\u011fi vatanda\u015f tipi: Kurucu ve etkin vatanda\u015f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- \n
- Edilgen bir tebaa de\u011fil,<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Devletin kurucu \u00f6znesi,<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Milli egemenli\u011fin ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131s\u0131,<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Politik olarak etkin bir \u00f6zne<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Bu vatanda\u015f modeli, klasik liberal bireyden ziyade cumhuriyet\u00e7i\u2013kolektif egemenlik \u00f6znesidir. \u201cEgemenlik, verilmez, al\u0131n\u0131r.\u201d Vatanda\u015f, burada devletin nesnesi de\u011fil kurucusudur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
2. 1924 Anayasas\u0131: Cumhuriyet\u00e7i\u2013Homojen Vatanda\u015f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Devletin<\/strong> kurumsalla\u015fmas\u0131 s\u00fcrecinde kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Temel \u00f6zellikleri<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
- \n
- \u00dcniter, merkeziyet\u00e7i devlet.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Cumhuriyet, laiklik, milliyet\u00e7ilik ekseninde devlet in\u015f\u00e2s\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Vatanda\u015fl\u0131k hukuk\u00ee olarak e\u015fit fakat k\u00fclt\u00fcrel olarak homojen varsay\u0131l\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Talep etti\u011fi vatanda\u015f tipi: Cumhuriyet\u00e7i ve homojen vatanda\u015f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
1924 Anayasas\u0131, vatanda\u015f\u0131n\u0131; devlete ba\u011fl\u0131, ulusal kimli\u011fi i\u00e7selle\u015ftirmi\u015f, Cumhuriyet devrimlerinin ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131s\u0131, modernle\u015fme projesinin akt\u00f6r\u00fc olarak tasavvur eder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bu vatanda\u015f, politik olarak etkindir ama devleti kuran de\u011fil devletin modernle\u015fme projesini ta\u015f\u0131yan \u00f6zne h\u00e2line gelmi\u015ftir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
3. 1961 Anayasas\u0131: Hak Temelli ve \u00d6zg\u00fcr Vatanda\u015f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
1960 Darbesi sonras\u0131 yeni anayasal d\u00fczenin temel \u00f6zellikleri; Sosyal devlet ilkesi, temel hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn geni\u015fletilmesi, Anayasa Mahkemesi kurulmas\u0131, devlet iktidar\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Talep etti\u011fi vatanda\u015f tipi: Hak sahibi ve denetleyici vatanda\u015f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
- \n
- Devlete kar\u015f\u0131 haklar\u0131 olan,<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Sendikal, siyasal ve toplumsal kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 y\u00fcksek,<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Devleti denetleyen,<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck bilincine sahip birey.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
1961 Anayasas\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ilk kez \u201chak temelli vatanda\u015f\u201d modelini kurumsalla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Vatanda\u015f, art\u0131k sadece devlete ba\u011fl\u0131 de\u011fil ayn\u0131 zamanda devleti s\u0131n\u0131rlayan bir akt\u00f6rd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
4. 1982 Anayasas\u0131: G\u00fcvenlik Odakl\u0131 ve Denetimli Vatanda\u015f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
1980 askeri darbesi sonras\u0131 yap\u0131lan bu Anayasa, tipik siyasi \u00f6nder yasala\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131d\u0131r. Temel \u00f6zellikleri; Devlet otoritesinin g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmesi, haklar\u0131n geni\u015f tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131, fakat \u201cancak\u201dlarla kotar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f temel hak ve h\u00fcrriyeti s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rma rejimidir. Anayasada, Devletin \u201c\u00fclkesi ve milletiyle b\u00f6l\u00fcnmez b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u201d vurgusu hakimdir. Talep etti\u011fi vatanda\u015f tipi, devlete ba\u011fl\u0131 ve s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f vatanda\u015f tipidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bu anayasa, vatanda\u015f\u0131n\u0131; \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden \u00f6nce devletin bek\u00e2s\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zeten, politik olarak daha edilgen, devlet otoritesine s\u00e2d\u0131k, g\u00fcvenlik \u00f6nceli\u011fini i\u00e7selle\u015ftirmi\u015f bir \u00f6zne olarak tasavvur eder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
1982 Anayasas\u0131nda vatanda\u015f, devletin kurucusu de\u011fil daha \u00e7ok, devletin korunmas\u0131 gereken nesnesi ve destek\u00e7isi h\u00e2line gelmi\u015ftir. \u00d6yle ki, ‘yarg\u0131’ ana ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda iddia ve h\u00fck\u00fcm unsurlar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenlerken, yarg\u0131n\u0131n kurucu unsuru ve vatanda\u015f\u0131n kutsal ya\u015fam hakk\u0131ndan sonra gelen kutsal \u201cSavunma Hakk\u0131\u201dn\u0131n i\u015flevi Savunma makam\u0131 olan Avukatl\u0131k hakk\u0131nda tek bir h\u00fck\u00fcm i\u00e7ermemektedir.2<\/a><\/sup>[1]<\/a> Temel Hak ve H\u00fcrriyet anlam\u0131nda sadece 36. maddede ki\u015finin savunma hakk\u0131na sahip oldu\u011fu vurgulanmakta ve “Herkes, me\u015fr\u00fb vas\u0131ta ve yollardan faydalanmak suretiyle yarg\u0131 mercileri \u00f6n\u00fcnde davac\u0131 veya daval\u0131 olarak iddia ve savunma hakk\u0131na sahiptir” denmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
H\u00e2kim ve Savc\u0131l\u0131k Mesle\u011fine dair ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmler i\u00e7eren Anayasa, Avukatl\u0131k mesle\u011fine dair bir h\u00fck\u00fcm bar\u0131nd\u0131rmamaktad\u0131r. Savunma, yarg\u0131n\u0131n temel\/kurucu unsuru ise yarg\u0131n\u0131n di\u011fer unsurlar\u0131 ile birlikte anayasada zikredilmeli ve d\u00fczenlenmelidir. Besleme yerine asma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesiyle yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f anayasa, savunma ve savunmay\u0131 temsil eden avukatlar ve bunlar\u0131n meslek kurulu\u015fu olan barolar hakk\u0131nda bir d\u00fczenleme getirmemi\u015ftir. Barolar ile ilgili tek d\u00fczenleme Anayasan\u0131n 135. Maddesinde yer almaktad\u0131r. Bu madde, \u00e7ok genel bir anlat\u0131mla \u2018Kamu Kurumu Niteli\u011finde Meslek Kurulu\u015flar\u0131\u2019 ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda, kanunla yap\u0131lacak d\u00fczenlemelere at\u0131flar yapmaktad\u0131r. Bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda savunma ve Barolarla ilgili bir h\u00fck\u00fcm yoktur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
5. 2001 – 2017 De\u011fi\u015fiklikleri Sonras\u0131: Liberal Fakat Depolitize Vatanda\u015f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Bu d\u00f6nemde; Bireysel haklar geni\u015fletildi, Avrupa Birli\u011fi normlar\u0131 etkili oldu, ancak siyasal kat\u0131l\u0131m paradoksal bi\u00e7imde zay\u0131flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hak sahibi ama politik olarak zay\u0131f vatanda\u015f tipi olu\u015fturuldu. Bu d\u00f6nemde vatanda\u015f\u0131n haklar\u0131 vard\u0131r ama kurucu g\u00fcc\u00fc zay\u0131ft\u0131r. Devlet kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda daha \u00e7ok hukuk\u00ee \u00f6zne, daha az politik \u00f6zne h\u00e2line gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
S\u00fcreci \u00f6zetlersek;<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de anayasal geli\u015fim \u015fu eksen boyunca ilerlemi\u015ftir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kurucu vatanda\u015f (1921)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u2192 Cumhuriyet\u00e7i vatanda\u015f (1924)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u2192 Hak sahibi vatanda\u015f (1961)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u2192 Denetimli vatanda\u015f (1982)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u2192 Hukuk\u00ee ama zay\u0131f politik vatanda\u015f (g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn en kritik sonucu, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de anayasal geli\u015fim, vatanda\u015f\u0131n haklar\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rm\u0131\u015f, ancak paradoksal bi\u00e7imde onun kurucu politik \u00f6zne niteli\u011fini zay\u0131flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ba\u015fka bir ifadeyle:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de anayasal geli\u015fim, vatanda\u015f\u0131n hukuk\u00ee stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00fc\u00e7lendirirken, politik kuruculu\u011funu zay\u0131flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
SONU\u00c7<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de anayasal geli\u015fim s\u00fcreci, anayasan\u0131n yaln\u0131zca bir hukuk metni de\u011fil ayn\u0131 zamanda bir siyasal \u00f6zne \u00fcretim mekanizmas\u0131 oldu\u011funu ortaya koymaktad\u0131r. Her anayasa, kendi siyasal d\u00fczenine uygun bir vatanda\u015f modeli \u00fcretmi\u015ftir. Bu ba\u011flamda, anayasa, yaln\u0131zca devletin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 belirleyen bir belge de\u011fil ayn\u0131 zamanda siyasal toplulu\u011fun ontolojik temelini tan\u0131mlayan kurucu bir metindir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla anayasa tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, yaln\u0131zca kurumsal reform tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 de\u011fil ayn\u0131 zamanda, nas\u0131l bir birey ve nas\u0131l bir toplum istendi\u011fine dair temel siyasal tart\u0131\u015fmalard\u0131r. \u00dclkede, t\u00fcm hukuk\u00e7u ve siyasilerin ortak kanaati, 1982 Anayasas\u0131n\u0131n toptan de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi, insan hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn tamam\u0131n\u0131n tan\u0131nmas\u0131 ve korunmas\u0131n\u0131 kapsayacak, devlet birey ili\u015fkilerinde birinin di\u011ferine \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc i\u00e7ermeyecek bir anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen bir t\u00fcrl\u00fc hayata ge\u00e7irilememektedir. Bu k\u00f6kl\u00fc de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fin \u00f6n\u00fcnde \u00f6nemli bir engel olmal\u0131 ki istekler sadece l\u00e2fta kalmaktad\u0131r. \u2018Devlet ebed m\u00fcddet\u201d anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz \u015fartlar\u0131nda tekrar g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irilmesi, devletin ebedili\u011finin onu besleyecek d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce geni\u015fli\u011finin ve a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n vatanda\u015fa tan\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekecektir.
<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/ozgurcedergi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/mbalci-2020-1024x599.jpg\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nKAYNAK\u00c7A<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Muharrem BALCI, Anayasada Unutulan Hak, Savunma<\/em>, muharrembalci.com\/yayinlar\/makaleler\/95.pdf<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n- Genel kabul g\u00f6ren anayasa teorisine g\u00f6re ger\u00e7ek bir anayasad\u0131r ancak \u201cola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc d\u00f6nem anayasas\u0131\u201d ve \u201c\u00e7er\u00e7eve (k\u0131sa) anayasa\u201d niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131r.\u00a0 Egemenli\u011fin kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirler: \u201cH\u00e2kimiyet bil\u00e2 kayd-\u00fc \u015fart milletindir.\u201d
Temel organ\u0131 kurar: Yasama ve y\u00fcr\u00fctme yetkisini B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi\u2019nde toplar (kuvvetler birli\u011fi).
Devlet \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesini d\u00fczenler: Vilayet, kaza, nahiye te\u015fkilat\u0131 ve yerinden y\u00f6netim esaslar\u0131n\u0131 belirler.
Normatif \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck iddias\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131r: O d\u00f6nemdeki di\u011fer d\u00fczenlemeler i\u00e7in \u00e7er\u00e7eve olu\u015fturur. K\u0131sa ve programatiktir (yaln\u0131zca 23 madde). Temel hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckler katalo\u011fu i\u00e7ermez. Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc sava\u015f ko\u015fullar\u0131nda kabul edilmi\u015ftir (Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131). Buna ra\u011fmen anayasa hukuk\u00e7ular\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu, devletin temel siyasal \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesini ve egemenlik ilkesini kurdu\u011fu i\u00e7in onu \u201cmaddi anlamda anayasa\u201d olarak kabul eder. Nitekim Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n son anayasas\u0131 olan Kanun-\u0131 Esasi ile ba\u015flayan yaz\u0131l\u0131 anayasa gelene\u011finin, Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele ba\u011flam\u0131ndaki devam\u0131d\u0131r. 1972 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130stanbul Hukuk Fak\u00fcltesinin 1. S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131nda Anayasa dersinin ismi \u201cEsas Te\u015fkilat Hukuku\u201d idi. (T\u00fcrk Esas te\u015fkilat Hukuku Dersleri. H\u00fcseyin Nail KUBALI. 1960). (M. Balc\u0131) \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>- Anayasada Unutulan Hak, Savunma, Muharrem BALCI, muharrembalci.com\/yayinlar\/makaleler\/95.pdf<\/a> \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n
<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Modern devletin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131yla birlikte egemenli\u011fin me\u015fr\u00fbiyet kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131mlayan bir belge olarak anayasalar\u0131 g\u00f6rmekteyiz. Modern devlet modeli ile anayasalar hem devletin \u00f6rg\u00fct-lenmesini d\u00fczenleyen hem de belirli bir vatanda\u015f tipini varsayan ve \u00fcreten bir siyasal ara\u00e7 ola-rak i\u015flev g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu nedenle anayasal geli\u015fim s\u00fcreci, ayn\u0131 zamanda vatanda\u015f\u0131n siyasal \u00f6zne olarak d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn tarihidir.
\nT\u00fcrkiye\u2019de de anayasalar, yaln\u0131zca devletin kurumsal yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyen metinler de\u011fil ayn\u0131 zamanda siyasal d\u00fczenin dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 insan ve toplum tasavvurunun normatif ifadesidir. Bu ba\u011f-lamda anayasa, yaln\u0131zca iktidar\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fil ayn\u0131 zamanda siyasal toplulu\u011fun kurucu \u00f6zne-si olan vatanda\u015f\u0131n konumunu da tan\u0131mlar. Vatanda\u015f\u0131n haklar\u0131n\u0131n kapsam\u0131, siyasal kat\u0131l\u0131m imk\u00e2nlar\u0131 ve devlet kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki konumu, anayasal d\u00fczenin temel varolu\u015f gerek\u00e7elerini ve bi\u00e7i-mini yans\u0131t\u0131r. Ba\u015fka bir ifade ile anayasalar, belirli bir vatanda\u015f tipini in\u015f\u00e2 etmeyi hedefleyen normatif projelerdir. Her anayasa, kendi tarihsel ba\u011flam\u0131na, siyasal-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel etkile\u015fimine uygun bir \u201cideal vatanda\u015f\u201d tasavvur eder. Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de anayasal geli\u015fim, ayn\u0131 za-manda vatanda\u015f\u0131n yeniden tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131 s\u00fcreci olarak okunabilir.
\nBu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de anayasal geli\u015fimi, devletin kurumsal d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcnden ziyade vatanda-\u015f\u0131n ontolojik stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn (ne \u015fekilde varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilece\u011finin) d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc \u00fczerinden incele-meyi ama\u00e7lamaktad\u0131r. Bu ba\u011flamda, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren 1921, 1924, 1961 ve 1982 Anaya-sas\u0131, 2001\u20132017 aras\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri farkl\u0131 siyasal \u00f6zne\/vatanda\u015f modelleri ortaya koymu\u015ftur. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n temel tezi, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de anayasal geli\u015fimin, kurucu egemen vatanda\u015f modelinden, devlet taraf\u0131ndan tan\u0131mlanan ve g\u00fcvenlik stratejileri i\u00e7inde konumland\u0131r\u0131lan vatanda\u015f modeli-ne do\u011fru ilerleyen bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm oldu\u011fu y\u00f6n\u00fcndedir. Bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm, yaln\u0131zca hukuk\u00ee bir de\u011fi\u015fim de\u011fil ayn\u0131 zamanda devlet ile toplum aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkinin yap\u0131sal d\u00fczeyde yeniden tan\u0131mlanma-s\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma, kurucu iktidar \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemesi, siyasal \u00f6zne kavram\u0131 ve devlet\u2013insan ili\u015fkisine dair yakla\u015f\u0131mlar \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de anayasal vatanda\u015f\u0131n d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc incelemektedir.
\nAnahtar Kelimeler: Anayasa, vatanda\u015f, egemenlik, devlet, kurucu iktidar, T\u00fcrkiye anayasa tarihi<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":211,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"[{\"content\":\"Genel kabul g\u00f6ren anayasa teorisine g\u00f6re ger\u00e7ek bir anayasad\u0131r ancak \u201cola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc d\u00f6nem anayasas\u0131\u201d ve \u201c\u00e7er\u00e7eve (k\u0131sa) anayasa\u201d niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131r.\u00a0 Egemenli\u011fin kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirler: \u201cH\u00e2kimiyet bil\u00e2 kayd-\u00fc \u015fart milletindir.\u201d
Temel organ\u0131 kurar: Yasama ve y\u00fcr\u00fctme yetkisini B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi\u2019nde toplar (kuvvetler birli\u011fi).
Devlet \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesini d\u00fczenler: Vilayet, kaza, nahiye te\u015fkilat\u0131 ve yerinden y\u00f6netim esaslar\u0131n\u0131 belirler.
Normatif \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck iddias\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131r: O d\u00f6nemdeki di\u011fer d\u00fczenlemeler i\u00e7in \u00e7er\u00e7eve olu\u015fturur. K\u0131sa ve programatiktir (yaln\u0131zca 23 madde). Temel hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckler katalo\u011fu i\u00e7ermez. Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc sava\u015f ko\u015fullar\u0131nda kabul edilmi\u015ftir (Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131). Buna ra\u011fmen anayasa hukuk\u00e7ular\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu, devletin temel siyasal \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesini ve egemenlik ilkesini kurdu\u011fu i\u00e7in onu \u201cmaddi anlamda anayasa\u201d olarak kabul eder. Nitekim Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n son anayasas\u0131 olan Kanun-\u0131 Esasi ile ba\u015flayan yaz\u0131l\u0131 anayasa gelene\u011finin, Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadele ba\u011flam\u0131ndaki devam\u0131d\u0131r. 1972 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130stanbul Hukuk Fak\u00fcltesinin 1. S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131nda Anayasa dersinin ismi \u201cEsas Te\u015fkilat Hukuku\u201d idi. (T\u00fcrk Esas te\u015fkilat Hukuku Dersleri. H\u00fcseyin Nail KUBALI. 1960). (M. Balc\u0131)\",\"id\":\"553b1c8b-9b31-4fe1-9490-2b4111940de4\"},{\"content\":\"Anayasada Unutulan Hak, Savunma, Muharrem BALCI, muharrembalci.com\/yayinlar\/makaleler\/95.pdf<\/a>\",\"id\":\"f8ed2f90-582a-4bb3-9fd0-4fa6c6a33b77\"}]"},"categories":[2],"tags":[24],"issue":[3],"class_list":["post-8","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-202604_1","tag-muharrem-balci","issue-nisan-2026"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ozgurcedergi.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ozgurcedergi.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ozgurcedergi.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ozgurcedergi.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ozgurcedergi.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=8"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/ozgurcedergi.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":81,"href":"https:\/\/ozgurcedergi.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8\/revisions\/81"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ozgurcedergi.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/211"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ozgurcedergi.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=8"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ozgurcedergi.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=8"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ozgurcedergi.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=8"},{"taxonomy":"issue","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ozgurcedergi.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fissue&post=8"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}} - Anayasada Unutulan Hak, Savunma, Muharrem BALCI, muharrembalci.com\/yayinlar\/makaleler\/95.pdf<\/a> \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n
- Genel kabul g\u00f6ren anayasa teorisine g\u00f6re ger\u00e7ek bir anayasad\u0131r ancak \u201cola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc d\u00f6nem anayasas\u0131\u201d ve \u201c\u00e7er\u00e7eve (k\u0131sa) anayasa\u201d niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131r.\u00a0 Egemenli\u011fin kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirler: \u201cH\u00e2kimiyet bil\u00e2 kayd-\u00fc \u015fart milletindir.\u201d