\u015e\u00fckr\u00fc B\u0130LG\u0130\u00c7<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0130nsan toplumsal bir varl\u0131kt\u0131r. Yani di\u011fer insanlarla bir arada ya\u015far. Birlikte ya\u015famak kurallar\u0131 getirdi\u011fi gibi su\u00e7lar\u0131 ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla cezalar\u0131 da getirmi\u015ftir. Cana, mala ve bir arada ya\u015famaya zarar veren her t\u00fcrl\u00fc eylem su\u00e7 say\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu eylemleri ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirenlere ise \u00e7e\u015fitli cezalar verilmi\u015ftir. Cezalar tarihsel s\u00fcre\u00e7te yumu\u015fam\u0131\u015f ancak insan\u0131n su\u00e7 i\u015fleme kapasitesi hi\u00e7 de\u011fi\u015fmemi\u015ftir. Ne su\u00e7suz bir toplum olu\u015fturula bilinmi\u015ftir. Ne de masum insanlar\u0131n zarar g\u00f6rmesi engellenmi\u015ftir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
Su\u00e7a verilen cezan\u0131n \u015fiddetinin art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 su\u00e7u \u00f6nlemedi\u011fi gibi profesyonel su\u00e7 i\u015flemeyi (yakalanmadan su\u00e7 i\u015fleme) de beraberinde getirmi\u015ftir. Cezan\u0131n \u015fiddeti art\u0131k\u00e7a cayd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131ktan ziyade su\u00e7u ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla su\u00e7luyu yeralt\u0131na \u00e7ekmi\u015f. Buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak da \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc su\u00e7lar, faili me\u00e7hul olaylar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 artmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Cezaland\u0131rmaktan ama\u00e7 sadece su\u00e7luyu yapt\u0131rama tabi tutmak de\u011fil, su\u00e7 i\u015flemeye e\u011filimli olan di\u011fer bireyleri de cayd\u0131rmakt\u0131r. Cezaland\u0131r\u0131lan \u00e7o\u011funlukla su\u00e7lu ve su\u00e7 te\u015fkil eden davran\u0131\u015f olurken bazen de ne yaz\u0131k ki su\u00e7lu \u015fahs\u0131n i\u00e7inden bulundu\u011fu etnik k\u00f6ken, dil, din ve hatta co\u011frafya olabilmektedir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
Tarihsel s\u00fcre\u00e7te su\u00e7 form de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015f ama hep var olmu\u015ftur. Pis, ay\u0131p, k\u00f6t\u00fc, \u00e7irkin ve g\u00fcnah say\u0131lan eylemler \u201cs\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 a\u015fma\u201d olarak nitelendirilmi\u015f ve hep cezaland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hz. \u00c2dem ve Hz. Havva yasakl\u0131 meyveden yedikleri i\u00e7in bu durum hadd\u2019i1<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0a\u015fmak olarak nitelendirilmi\u015f ve ceza olarak cennetten d\u00fcnyaya s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edilmi\u015flerdir.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n Hadis \u015ferifte \u00f6nceki toplumlardan s\u00f6z edilirken: \u201c\u2026\u00a0inananlar\u00a0tutuklan\u0131r, kaz\u0131lan bir \u00e7ukura konulur, ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ortas\u0131na bir testere konularak boydan boya ikiye bi\u00e7ilir ve demir taraklarla etleri kemi\u011finden ayr\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131\u2026\u201d<\/em>2<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0ifadeleri yer al\u0131r. S\u00f6z konusu toplum hangisi oldu\u011fu ve ne zaman ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 konusu ise ayr\u0131 bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma konusudur. Ancak \u00e7ok da uzak olmayan bir zamanda inan\u00e7lar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 Hz. \u0130brahim\u2019in ate\u015fe at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, Hz. \u0130sa\u2019n\u0131n ise \u00e7arm\u0131ha gerildi\u011fini tarihi kaynaklardan net olarak biliyoruz. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde daha yak\u0131n bir zamanda Nesimi\u2019nin dinden \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle \u00f6nce derisinin y\u00fcz\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ard\u0131ndan da idam edildi\u011fi yine tarihi kay\u0131tlarda mevcuttur.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0130nsanl\u0131k tarihi su\u00e7 ve ceza ba\u011flam\u0131nda yeniden yaz\u0131lsayd\u0131, \u015f\u00fcphesiz ciltler dolusu bir eserle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmam\u0131z ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olurdu. \u201cBu kadar a\u011f\u0131r cezalar nas\u0131l olabilir, bu cezalar\u0131 nas\u0131l uygulam\u0131\u015flar?\u201d diye bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za, sebebi ne olursa olsun, \u00e7ok a\u011f\u0131r su\u00e7lar\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde TCK\u2019n\u0131n 82\/1-b maddesinde ge\u00e7en kasten \u00f6ld\u00fcrme su\u00e7u, su\u00e7un; \u201cTasarlayarak, canavarca hisle veya eziyet \u00e7ektirerek\u2026\u201d<\/em> i\u015flenmesini d\u00fczenler. Demek ki insanl\u0131k tarihi boyunca insan kelimesiyle yan yana getirilemeyecek su\u00e7lar hep var olmu\u015ftur ve belki de var olmaya devam edecektir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n \u015eimdi bu varsay\u0131m\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 destekleyecek ve tarihte \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan baz\u0131 devletler, bu devletler zaman\u0131nda i\u015flenen a\u011f\u0131r su\u00e7lar ve bu su\u00e7lara verilen cezalar hakk\u0131nda biraz bilgi verelim. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Tarihteki ilk kapsaml\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131 anayasalardan biri, M\u00d6 1760 y\u0131l\u0131nda Babil Kral\u0131 Hammurabi taraf\u0131ndan dikilen <\/strong>Hammurabi Kanunlar\u0131 Steli’dir. 282 maddeden olu\u015fan bu an\u0131t kapsaml\u0131 bir hukuk sistemi ve devlet y\u00f6netim ilkelerini i\u00e7ermektedir. Hammurabi Kanunlar\u0131<\/a>nda k\u0131sasa k\u0131sas sistemi vard\u0131r. Yani “g\u00f6z i\u00e7in g\u00f6z”<\/em> ilkesine dayan\u0131r ve \u00e7ok sert bedensel cezalara yer verilir. Toplumsal s\u0131n\u0131fa g\u00f6re cezalar de\u011fi\u015fmekle birlikte kanunlarda \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan ba\u015fl\u0131ca cezalar \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00d6l\u00fcm Cezas\u0131:<\/em> Cinayet, h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k, yalanc\u0131 \u015fahitlik, tecav\u00fcz ve h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131kla edinilen mal\u0131 sat\u0131n alma gibi su\u00e7larda s\u0131k\u00e7a uygulan\u0131rd\u0131. Y\u00f6ntemleri aras\u0131nda yakma, suda bo\u011fma veya kaz\u0131\u011fa oturtulma yer al\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Organ Kesme (K\u0131sas):<\/em> Bir ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc \u00e7\u0131karan\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fc \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131r, kemi\u011fini k\u0131ran\u0131n kemi\u011fi k\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r, di\u015fini k\u0131ran\u0131n di\u015fi \u00e7ekilirdi. Ayr\u0131ca h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k su\u00e7unda el kesildi\u011fi gibi babas\u0131n\u0131 d\u00f6venin de eli kesilirdi. Ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ocu\u011funu emziren s\u00fct annenin g\u00f6\u011fs\u00fc kesilirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A\u011f\u0131r Tazminat ve Maddi Cezalar:<\/em> Su\u00e7lunun sosyal stat\u00fcs\u00fcne g\u00f6re, zarar g\u00f6ren ki\u015fiye veya devlete belirli bir tazminat (genelde g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f cinsinden) \u00f6demesi gerekirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n S\u00fcrg\u00fcn ve K\u00f6lele\u015ftirme:<\/em> Evlilik d\u0131\u015f\u0131 ili\u015fki (zina) gibi su\u00e7larda su\u00e7lular nehre at\u0131lmak veya k\u00f6le stat\u00fcs\u00fcne d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmek gibi cezalar al\u0131rd\u0131. <\/p>\n\n\n\n G\u00f6r\u00fclece\u011fi \u00fczere Hammurabi Kanunlar\u0131nda farkl\u0131 cezaland\u0131rma \u00e7e\u015fitleri oldu\u011fu halde hapis cezas\u0131n\u0131n olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. \u0130lk hapis cezas\u0131n\u0131n Yunan ve Roma hukuklar\u0131nda daha belirginle\u015fti\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Eski M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da Firavunlar d\u00f6neminde \u00f6l\u00fcm cezas\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131kl\u0131kla uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmektedir. \u00d6l\u00fcm cezas\u0131na \u00e7arpt\u0131r\u0131lan su\u00e7lara; kutsal e\u015fyalara el s\u00fcrmek, kutsal hayvanlar\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrmek, b\u00fcy\u00fc yapmak, Firavunun benimsedi\u011fi ekonomik d\u00fczene kar\u015f\u0131 su\u00e7 i\u015flemek, aile ve toplum kurallar\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 davranmak, bir kad\u0131n\u0131n zina yapmas\u0131 gibi su\u00e7lar \u00f6rnek g\u00f6sterilmektedir. M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da en \u00e7ok uygulanan infaz y\u00f6ntemlerinden biri de ki\u015finin dikenlere at\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra yak\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Benzer \u015fekilde Antik Yunan\u2019da da \u00f6l\u00fcm cezas\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131kl\u0131kla uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmektedir. Devlete kar\u015f\u0131 su\u00e7lar, kalpazanl\u0131k, kasten \u00f6ld\u00fcrme, \u00e7ocuk d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrme, zina ve daha pek \u00e7ok su\u00e7 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00f6l\u00fcm cezas\u0131 verilmekteydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Hukuk tarihinde \u00f6nemli bir yere sahip olan ve bug\u00fcn\u00fcn hukuk sistemlerinin kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fkil eden Roma hukukunda, son ceza anlam\u0131na gelen \u00f6l\u00fcm cezas\u0131, belirli su\u00e7lar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yayg\u0131n olarak uygulanmaktayd\u0131. Romal\u0131lar maksimum ac\u0131n\u0131n maksimum cayd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 oldu\u011funa inand\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, infaz y\u00f6ntemleri m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca ac\u0131 \u00e7ektirmeyi ama\u00e7lamaktayd\u0131. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Antik Roma\u2019da \u00f6l\u00fcm cezas\u0131 olduk\u00e7a yayg\u0131nd\u0131 ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde hapis cezas\u0131 uygulanan pek \u00e7ok su\u00e7 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmaktayd\u0131. Yapt\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcm cezas\u0131 olan su\u00e7lar aras\u0131nda ordudan ka\u00e7ma, k\u00f6lelikten ka\u00e7ma ve hatta bug\u00fcn pek \u00e7ok modern \u00fclkede su\u00e7 te\u015fkil etmeyen zina eylemi de vard\u0131. Roma\u2019da \u00f6l\u00fcm cezas\u0131na ili\u015fkin ilk resmi Roma belgesi, bilinen en eski Roma hukuku kanunu olan M.\u00d6. 450 tarihli On \u0130ki Levha\u2019d\u0131r. On \u0130ki Levha Kanunlar\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcm cezas\u0131n\u0131 iki kategoride ele almaktayd\u0131. Bunlardan birincisi, kamu hukuku c\u00fcr\u00fcmleri ve devlete kar\u015f\u0131 i\u015flenen su\u00e7lar; ikincisi ise ki\u015filere kar\u015f\u0131 i\u015flenen su\u00e7lar ve \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeydi. Her iki durumda da cezaland\u0131rma yetkisi devlete aitti. Ne var ki gerek mahk\u00fbmiyet karar\u0131n\u0131n verilmesinde gerekse cezan\u0131n takdir edilip infaz edilmesinde kamuoyunun tepkisi ve kamu vicdan\u0131n\u0131n rahatlat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n rol\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fc ve bu y\u00fczden de kamuoyunda b\u00fcy\u00fck tepki ve nefret toplayan ki\u015filere uygulanan cezalar daha a\u011f\u0131r ve daha \u00e7ok ac\u0131 \u00e7ektirmeye d\u00f6n\u00fck olurdu; bu ki\u015filer halk\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fcnde, kamuya a\u00e7\u0131k alanlarda infaz edilirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Roma \u0130nfaz Hukukunda ba\u015fl\u0131ca cezaland\u0131rma y\u00f6ntemleri \u015funlard\u0131: \u00c7arm\u0131ha germe, balta ile ba\u015f\u0131n kesilmesi, Tarpea kayal\u0131klar\u0131ndan at\u0131lma, canl\u0131 olarak yak\u0131lma, \u00e7uvala konulup \u00f6l\u00fcme terk edilme, \u00f6ld\u00fcresiye d\u00f6v\u00fclme, vah\u015fi hayvanlara par\u00e7alat\u0131lma, as\u0131larak \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclme, hapishanede bo\u011fma, elini kolunu ba\u011flay\u0131p nehre atma, a\u011fza ve bo\u011faza eritilmi\u015f kur\u015fun d\u00f6kme, hen\u00fcz kesilen ve daha canl\u0131 olan iki \u00f6k\u00fcz\u00fcn i\u00e7ine ba\u015flar\u0131 d\u0131\u015far\u0131da kalacak \u015fekilde konma<\/p>\n\n\n\n Osmanl\u0131 hukukunda \u00f6l\u00fcm cezas\u0131 verilen su\u00e7lar iki gruba ayr\u0131larak incelenmektedir. Bunlardan ilki, kayna\u011f\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kutsal kitab\u0131 Kuran olan \u015eeri hukuka g\u00f6re su\u00e7 te\u015fkil edenler; ikincisi ise, \u00f6rfi hukuka g\u00f6re su\u00e7 te\u015fkil eden eylemlerdir. Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6neminde \u00f6l\u00fcm cezas\u0131na \u00e7arpt\u0131r\u0131lan pek \u00e7ok su\u00e7 vard\u0131r. Bunlar genellikle, devlet yetkililerini \u00f6ld\u00fcrmek, padi\u015fah\u0131n hayat\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 suikast d\u00fczenlemek, padi\u015fah\u0131n hayat\u0131n\u0131 tehlikeye atmak, e\u015fk\u0131yal\u0131k ve yol kesicilik yapmak, kalpazanl\u0131k, casusluk, bir ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131n kad\u0131n\u0131n\u0131 zorla ka\u00e7\u0131rmak, zina, h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k, \u00f6ld\u00fcrme ve yaralama gibi eylemlerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Osmanl\u0131\u2019da baz\u0131 su\u00e7lar\u0131n neticesinde \u00f6l\u00fcm cezas\u0131n\u0131n sadece gayrim\u00fcslimlere verildi\u011fi de bilinmektedir. Bu t\u00fcr eyleme \u00f6rnek olarak, saray\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde t\u00fcrk\u00fc s\u00f6ylemek, karaborsac\u0131l\u0131k yapmak, belirlenen fiyat\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnde mal satmak g\u00f6sterilebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bunlar yan\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131\u2019da \u00f6l\u00fcm cezas\u0131 verilen birtak\u0131m s\u0131ra d\u0131\u015f\u0131 su\u00e7lar da vard\u0131. Bunlardan ba\u015fl\u0131cas\u0131 yang\u0131n \u00e7\u0131karmakt\u0131. \u00c7\u00f6lde susuzluk \u00e7ekilece\u011finin s\u00f6ylenti olarak yay\u0131lmas\u0131 ve geceleyin fenersiz dola\u015fmak da d\u00f6nem d\u00f6nem \u00f6l\u00fcm cezas\u0131na \u00e7arpt\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131\u2019da \u00f6l\u00fcm cezas\u0131na \u00e7arpt\u0131r\u0131lan bir ba\u015fka c\u00fcr\u00fcm ise IV. Murad d\u00f6neminde t\u00fct\u00fcn ve i\u00e7ki i\u00e7mekti. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Osmanl\u0131\u2019da \u00f6l\u00fcm cezalar\u0131 genellikle iple bo\u011farak ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmekteydi. Bunun yan\u0131nda daha nadir kullan\u0131lan y\u00f6ntemler olarak kafa kesme, denize atma, genellikle M\u00fcsl\u00fcman \u00f6ld\u00fcren gayrim\u00fcslimlere uygulanan son derece ac\u0131 verici bir y\u00f6ntem olarak v\u00fccudu \u00e7engellere ge\u00e7irme, yine \u00e7ok nadir uygulanm\u0131\u015f ve genellikle e\u015fk\u0131yal\u0131k c\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcne istinaden u\u00e7 b\u00f6lgelerde kullan\u0131lan kaz\u0131\u011fa oturtma gibi y\u00f6ntemlerin de kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 seyahatnamelerde ge\u00e7mektedir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Bunlar yan\u0131nda imparatorlu\u011fun son d\u00f6nemlerinde kur\u015funa dizme y\u00f6ntemi de kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n ender uygulad\u0131klar\u0131 ve az say\u0131da kayna\u011fa yans\u0131yan di\u011fer infaz bi\u00e7imleri, kuyuya ve denize atma, \u00e7uvala koyarak asma, vah\u015fi hayvanlara atma ve topa koyarak u\u00e7urma idi. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Tarihi s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7inde cezan\u0131n izledi\u011fi de\u011fi\u015fimde son a\u015fama hapis cezas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu zamana kadar cezaland\u0131rmada; g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc s\u00fcrg\u00fcnl\u00fck, su\u00e7 failinin toplumdan kovulmas\u0131 ya da ma\u011fdurun ailesine teslim edilmesi, k\u0131sas ya da uyu\u015fma yoluna gidilmesi ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere \u00e7ok say\u0131da a\u015famadan ge\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir. Hapis cezas\u0131n\u0131n tarihi di\u011fer ceza t\u00fcrlerine g\u00f6re yenidir ve infaz hukukunun do\u011fu\u015fu, hapis cezas\u0131n\u0131n infaz\u0131ndan ba\u015flat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0130lkel d\u00f6nemden ba\u015flayarak her d\u00f6nemde var olan hapsetme, bir ceza t\u00fcr\u00fc olmaktan \u00e7ok, su\u00e7lular\u0131n as\u0131l cezalar\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesi yahut infaz\u0131 i\u00e7in el alt\u0131nda tutulmas\u0131na hizmet etmi\u015ftir. Su\u00e7lular\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, sava\u015f esirleri, siyasal iktidara muhalif olanlar veya farkl\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnenler, hatta toplum i\u00e7in tehlike olu\u015fturduklar\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle serseriler ve dilenciler hapsedilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n IV. Y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren ahlaks\u0131z oldu\u011fu kabul edilen rahip ve rahibeler, kefaret \u00e7ekerek iyile\u015fmeleri i\u00e7in manast\u0131rlar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma evlerine hapsedilmi\u015ftir. B\u00f6ylece hapsetme bir ceza t\u00fcr\u00fc olarak ilk defa kilisede uygulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Kilise hukukuna g\u00f6re hapis cezas\u0131 ki\u015fiyi \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden yoksun k\u0131lmakta ve bedensel azaptan daha etkili olmaktad\u0131r. Rahiplerin y\u00fckselmeleri i\u00e7in faydal\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclen yaln\u0131zl\u0131k, su\u00e7lunun k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fckten ar\u0131nmas\u0131 i\u00e7in de gerekli g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00c7a\u011fc\u0131l hapishanelerin k\u00f6kenleri, daha eski zamanlardaki hapishane ya da zindanlarda de\u011fil, i\u015fliklerde yatmaktad\u0131r. \u0130\u015flikler \u00e7o\u011fu Avrupa \u00fclkesinde, on yedinci y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren feodalizmin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc d\u00f6nemde kurulmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; bu d\u00f6nemde i\u015f bulamayan pek \u00e7ok k\u00f6yl\u00fc, serseri haline gelmi\u015fti. \u0130\u015fliklerde bulunanlara yemek verilmekteydi; ancak bu insanlar, zamanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funu kurumda ge\u00e7irmeye ve a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 derecede \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya zorlanmaktayd\u0131lar. \u0130\u015flikler ayn\u0131 zamanda, hastalar, ya\u015fl\u0131lar, gelgit ak\u0131ll\u0131lar ya da ak\u0131l hastalar\u0131 gibi d\u0131\u015far\u0131da hi\u00e7 kimsenin bak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcstlenmedi\u011fi gruplar\u0131n da tutuldu\u011fu yerlere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Hapsetme, XVII. Y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir ceza t\u00fcr\u00fc de\u011fildi. Oysa bu y\u00fczy\u0131ldan sonra hapis cezas\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir ceza t\u00fcr\u00fc haline gelmi\u015ftir ve \u00fcstelik temel ceza olmu\u015ftur. Kapatman\u0131n, hapishane ile ifade edilen bir ceza t\u00fcr\u00fc olarak benimsendi\u011fini belirten Foucault\u2019a g\u00f6re, hapishane, medeni toplumlar\u0131n cezas\u0131d\u0131r ve hapis cezas\u0131n\u0131n cezaland\u0131rma sisteminin temeli haline gelmesinin nedeni, cezaland\u0131rmaya dair d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerin geli\u015fmesi ve adetlerin yumu\u015famas\u0131d\u0131r. Foucault, hapishanenin yerine konabilecek bir se\u00e7ene\u011fin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve hapishanenin tasarruf edilmesi imk\u00e2ns\u0131z, nefret edici bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm oldu\u011funu belirtmi\u015ftir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n XVIII. Y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca, hapishaneler, ak\u0131l hastaneleri ve hastaneler yava\u015f yava\u015f birbirinden ayr\u0131lmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckten yoksun b\u0131rak\u0131lman\u0131n su\u00e7 etkinlikleriyle ba\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kmada daha etkili oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen reformcular, geleneksel cezaland\u0131rma bi\u00e7imlerine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Politik sistemin genelinde bireysel \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ve haklar geli\u015ftik\u00e7e, cinayet en ciddi su\u00e7 diye g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bir ba\u015fka ki\u015fiyi \u00f6ld\u00fcrmek, bireyin haklar\u0131na yap\u0131lan en \u00f6nemli sald\u0131r\u0131yd\u0131. Hapishanelerin, akl\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131nda disiplin ve uyum al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7inde su\u00e7lular\u0131n e\u011fitildikleri yerler olduklar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden, giderek insanlar\u0131 halka a\u00e7\u0131k bi\u00e7imde cezaland\u0131rma uygulamas\u0131 kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 1789 ve 1848 burjuva devrimleri, esas nedenlerini cezaevlerinden alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Burjuva devrimleri, cezaevlerine ve infaz anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00fc\u00e7 alanda yenilik getirmi\u015ftir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Laikle\u015fme:<\/em> Tanr\u0131 kavram\u0131, cezaevinde uygulanan rejimden uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0130nsanile\u015ftirme:<\/em> Mahk\u00fbma bedensel ceza yasa\u011f\u0131 getirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Rasyonelle\u015ftirme:<\/em> Akla uygun olarak insan\u0131, yeniden sosyalle\u015ftirme, onun toplumsal ya\u015fama d\u00f6nmesine olanak sa\u011flama anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n XIX. Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na gelmeden, su\u00e7luyu cezaland\u0131rmak i\u00e7in hapsetme, ender olarak uygulanmaktayd\u0131. B\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck her kentte yerel bir hapishane bulunmaktayd\u0131, ancak bunlar do\u011fal olarak olduk\u00e7a k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckt\u00fcler ve \u00fc\u00e7 ya da d\u00f6rt mahk\u00fbmdan fazlas\u0131n\u0131 alacak kadar geni\u015f de\u011fillerdi. Bunlar, gece boyunca sarho\u015flar\u0131n ay\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in ya da arada s\u0131rada su\u00e7lanan ki\u015filerin mahkemelerini bekledi\u011fi yerler olarak kullan\u0131lmaktayd\u0131. Daha b\u00fcy\u00fck Avrupa kentlerinde, b\u00fcy\u00fck hapishaneler bulunmaktayd\u0131; buralarda tutulan insanlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu idamlar\u0131n\u0131 bekleyen mahk\u00fbmlard\u0131. Bu kurumlar, on dokuzuncu y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131ndan itibaren kurulan \u00e7ok say\u0131daki hapishaneden \u00e7ok farkl\u0131yd\u0131. Hapishane disiplini ya hi\u00e7 yoktu ya da \u00e7ok gev\u015fekti. Kimi zaman idam edilecek olanlar zindana at\u0131l\u0131r ve gardiyan\u0131n\u0131 ancak idama g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcrken g\u00f6r\u00fcrd\u00fc; ancak daha yayg\u0131n olarak hapishaneler, \u00e7a\u011fc\u0131l \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclere k\u0131yasla \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 derecede \u00f6zg\u00fcr ve gev\u015fekti. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Hapis cezas\u0131n\u0131n ilk olarak hangi \u00fclkede uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin farkl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler mevcuttur. Birinci g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f Hollanda\u2019da 1595 y\u0131l\u0131nda in\u015fa edilen Amsterdam Cezaevini modern hapis cezas\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 kabul eder. Farkl\u0131 bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re ilk hapishane \u0130talya\u2019da in\u015fa edilmi\u015ftir. Son g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re ise \u0130ngiltere\u2019de 1552 y\u0131l\u0131nda kurulan Bridgewell isimli \u0131slahevi, toplumu dilenci ve serserilerden kurtarmay\u0131 ama\u00e7lam\u0131\u015f ve modern hapis cezas\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Yak\u0131n y\u00fczy\u0131lda modern anlamdaki ilk cezaevi modelleri Amerika\u2019da in\u015fa edilmi\u015ftir. Bu modeller bir\u00e7ok Avrupa \u00fclkesini de etkisi alt\u0131na alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1847 y\u0131l\u0131nda Br\u00fcksel\u2019de ilk Uluslararas\u0131 Cezaevleri Kongresi d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. 1955\u2019de de Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler Minimum Cezaevi Kurallar\u0131n\u0131 belirlemi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrkiye bu kurallar\u0131 1965 y\u0131l\u0131nda uygulamaya ge\u00e7irmi\u015ftir. Avrupa Parlamenter Grubu, 12\/02\/1987 y\u0131l\u0131nda Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler Standart Cezaevi Kurallar\u0131n\u0131, Avrupa Cezaevi Kurallar\u0131 ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda yeniden toparlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kurallara, t\u00fcm \u00fcye devletlerin uyulmas\u0131 zorunlulu\u011fu getirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0130dam cezas\u0131 telafisi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmayan bir cezad\u0131r. Bu nedenle modern d\u00fcnyada \u00fclkelerin ezici bir \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu idam cezas\u0131n\u0131 kald\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funda ise neredeyse b\u00fct\u00fcn su\u00e7lara hapis cezas\u0131 verilmektedir. Hapis cezas\u0131n\u0131n kanun koyucu ve hakimlerce \u00e7ok\u00e7a tercih edilmesi, cezaevlerinde i\u015fkencenin bitme noktas\u0131na gelmesi, mahk\u00fbmlar\u0131n da insan olmalar\u0131 m\u00fcnasebetiyle var olan haklar\u0131 ve bu haklar\u0131n sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu konforun d\u0131\u015far\u0131y\u0131 aratmayacak d\u00fczeyde olmas\u0131, hapis cezas\u0131n\u0131n cayd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 olma \u00f6zelli\u011fini ortadan kald\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6yle olunca cezaevlerinde yo\u011funluk artm\u0131\u015f, s\u00fcrekli yeni cezaevleri yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, k\u0131smi aflar getirilmi\u015f ama ne su\u00e7un \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ile bilinmi\u015f ne de cezaevlerinin y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fcn hafiflemesine y\u00f6nelik alternatifler geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcm bu sorunlar yeni bir cezaland\u0131rma aray\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 beraberinde getirmi\u015ftir. \u0130\u015fte tam da bu talebin zirve noktas\u0131nda denetimli serbestlik sistemi ke\u015ffedilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Denetimli serbestlik sistemi bir ceza olmaktan \u00e7ok, bireyi ve aile b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc korumay\u0131 hedefleyen \u00f6zel bir infaz sistemidir. \u0130lk defa ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7apl\u0131 su\u00e7 i\u015fleyen bireyleri cezaevine g\u00f6nderip daha b\u00fcy\u00fck su\u00e7lularla tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak yerine, cezas\u0131n\u0131 toplum i\u00e7inde, gururunu rencide etmeden \u00e7e\u015fitli y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklere tabi k\u0131lmay\u0131 hedefleyen insanc\u0131l bir sistemdir. Ancak \u00fclkemizdeki uygulamalarda k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede insanc\u0131l kayg\u0131lar bir tarafa b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, cezaevlerinin y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fcn hafifletilmesi i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle 2012 y\u0131l\u0131nda ceza ve g\u00fcvenlik tedbirlerinin infaz\u0131 hakk\u0131ndaki kanunda yap\u0131lan de\u011fi\u015fiklikle denetimli serbestlik sisteminden faydalanma s\u00fcresi kimi su\u00e7lar i\u00e7in sekiz y\u0131la kadar \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Daha \u00f6nce \u015fartl\u0131 tahliyesine alt\u0131 ay kalan mahk\u00fbmlar i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan denetimli serbestlik tedbiri, neredeyse her y\u0131l yap\u0131lan kanuni de\u011fi\u015fikliklerle iyice kontrolden \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak bu uygulamalar infaz rejimi i\u00e7inde hi\u00e7 de kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olmayan ama uygulamada s\u0131kl\u0131kla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u201cgirdi-\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u201d kavram\u0131n\u0131 literat\u00fcre kazand\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Su\u00e7 ceza denklemine uygun d\u00fc\u015fmeyen bu uygulama 2024 y\u0131l\u0131nda ya\u015fanan bir olayla patlak vermi\u015ftir. 22 Eyl\u00fcl 2024 tarihinde \u0130stanbul \u00dcmraniye\u2019de 26 farkl\u0131 su\u00e7tan kayd\u0131 bulunan ve denetimli serbestlikten faydalanan Yunus Emre GE\u00c7T\u0130, polis ekipleriyle girdi\u011fi \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmada hen\u00fcz 27 ya\u015f\u0131nda olan polis memuru \u015eeyda YILMAZ\u2019\u0131 \u015fehit etmi\u015ftir. Bu olay denetimli serbestlik sistemine y\u00f6nlendirilen cezas\u0131zl\u0131k ele\u015ftirilerinin daha y\u00fcksek sesle yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f ve hemen ard\u0131ndan kanuni d\u00fczenleme yap\u0131larak cezaevinde olan mahk\u00fbmlar\u0131n denetimli serbestlikten faydalanma s\u00fcreleri a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya \u00e7ekilmi\u015ftir. Ne var ki bu durum zaten kapasitelerinin \u00e7ok \u00fcst\u00fcnde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan cezaevlerinde yeni sorunlar\u0131 beraberinde getirmi\u015ftir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Gelinen nokta itibariyle denetimli serbestlik sistemi, (e\u011fitim ve iyile\u015ftirme yoluyla su\u00e7lular\u0131n yeniden topluma kazand\u0131rma amac\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan) insanc\u0131l y\u00f6n\u00fcnden ziyade cezaevlerinin emniyet sibobu olarak i\u015flev g\u00f6rmektedir. Cezaevleri ne zaman bir infiale yol a\u00e7acak \u015fekilde dolsa hemen yarg\u0131 paketleri devreye girmektedir. Bug\u00fcne kadar on bir yarg\u0131 paketi uygulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 31 May\u0131s 2026 tarihi itibariyle ceza infaz kurumlar\u0131nda 421.583 h\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc ve tutuklu bulunurken ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde denetimli serbestlik m\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fcklerince takip edilen y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc say\u0131s\u0131 499.588\u2019e ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6yle olunca da on ikinci yarg\u0131 paketi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na h\u0131z verilmi\u015ftir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0130nsan\u0131n oldu\u011fu her yerde su\u00e7, su\u00e7un oldu\u011fu her yerde ise cezalar var olmu\u015ftur. Tarihsel s\u00fcre\u00e7te insan\u0131n can\u0131na ve bedenine uygulanan cezalar yerini daha \u00e7ok \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rmaya y\u00f6nelik cezalara b\u0131raksa da bu uygulaman\u0131n \u00e7ok da sonu\u00e7 verdi\u011fi s\u00f6ylenemez. Belki su\u00e7un olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir toplum arzusu bir \u00fctopyad\u0131r ve su\u00e7 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda daha b\u00fcy\u00fck s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kacakt\u0131r. Ayette: \u201c\u2026E\u011fer Allah, insanlar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 di\u011fer bir k\u0131sm\u0131yla (sav\u0131p) engellemeseydi, yery\u00fcz\u00fc mutlaka fesada u\u011frard\u0131\u2026\u201d (Bakara, 251) d\u00fcsturu hem d\u00fcnyada kurulan su\u00e7 ve cezan\u0131n i\u015flevsel dengesini hem de imtihan ger\u00e7e\u011fini ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmaktad\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc infaz sisteminin yani hapis cezas\u0131 ve denetimli serbestlik y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerinin a\u011f\u0131r oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnenlere, ge\u00e7mi\u015fte benzer su\u00e7lara verilen cezalar\u0131 hat\u0131rlatmak gerekir. \u015e\u00fcphesiz insanl\u0131k d\u0131\u015f\u0131 su\u00e7lar\u0131 onaylam\u0131yoruz, ancak su\u00e7lunun dinlenme tesisinde kal\u0131yormu\u015f gibi konaklamas\u0131na da vicdan\u0131m\u0131z raz\u0131 gelmiyor. Su\u00e7 sonras\u0131nda sadece cezaland\u0131rmaya odaklanmak yerine ma\u011fdurun zarar\u0131n\u0131n giderilmesini, failin sorumluluk alarak topluma kazand\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ve toplumsal bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n yeniden tesis edilmesini ama\u00e7layan alternatif ve onar\u0131c\u0131 bir adalete olan ihtiyac\u0131m\u0131z her zamankinden fazlad\u0131r\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u015e\u00fckr\u00fc B\u0130LG\u0130\u00c7 Giri\u015f \u0130nsan toplumsal bir varl\u0131kt\u0131r. Yani di\u011fer insanlarla bir arada ya\u015far. Birlikte ya\u015famak kurallar\u0131 getirdi\u011fi gibi su\u00e7lar\u0131 ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla cezalar\u0131 da getirmi\u015ftir. Cana, mala ve bir arada ya\u015famaya zarar veren her t\u00fcrl\u00fc eylem su\u00e7 say\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu eylemleri ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirenlere ise \u00e7e\u015fitli cezalar verilmi\u015ftir. Cezalar tarihsel s\u00fcre\u00e7te yumu\u015fam\u0131\u015f ancak insan\u0131n su\u00e7 i\u015fleme kapasitesi hi\u00e7 de\u011fi\u015fmemi\u015ftir. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":52,"featured_media":337,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"[{\"content\":\"Hadd\u2019in s\u00f6zl\u00fck anlam\u0131 menetmek, yasaklamakt\u0131r. Hudud kelimesi ile ayn\u0131 anlamda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \u201c\u0130\u015fte bunlar, Allah\u2019\u0131n hudutlar\u0131d\u0131r; onlara yakla\u015fmay\u0131n\u0131z.\u201d (Bakara, 187) ayetinde kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi.\",\"id\":\"953f8c0a-2e8c-460e-8b57-4aee478d6922\"},{\"content\":\"Buh\u00e2r\u00ee, Men\u00e2k\u0131b 25\",\"id\":\"b8743fad-5f20-4dea-8d78-e40dcef77c05\"}]"},"categories":[76],"tags":[55],"issue":[75],"class_list":["post-422","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-202608_1","tag-sukru-bilgic","issue-agustos-2026"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ozgurcedergi.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/422","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ozgurcedergi.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ozgurcedergi.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ozgurcedergi.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/52"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ozgurcedergi.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=422"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/ozgurcedergi.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/422\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":423,"href":"https:\/\/ozgurcedergi.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/422\/revisions\/423"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ozgurcedergi.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/337"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ozgurcedergi.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=422"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ozgurcedergi.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=422"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ozgurcedergi.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=422"},{"taxonomy":"issue","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ozgurcedergi.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fissue&post=422"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}Cezan\u0131n Tarihsel Seyri<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Hapis Cezas\u0131n\u0131n Tarihi Geli\u015fimi <\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Yeni Ceza Aray\u0131\u015flar\u0131 ve Denetimli Serbestlik Sistemi<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Sonu\u00e7 ve De\u011ferlendirme: <\/h2>\n\n\n\n
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