D\u00fcnyada on sekizinci y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u201cyaz\u0131l\u0131 anayasa\u201d ve \u201canayasan\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u201d anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n hakimiyeti ile anayasac\u0131l\u0131k hareketi 1787 Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri Anayasas\u0131 ve 1791 Frans\u0131z Anayasas\u0131 olarak tebar\u00fcz etmi\u015ftir. Bat\u0131da kilise d\u0131\u015f\u0131 iktidar sahibi olmak isteyen krallar ile kilisenin yetki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda iktidar s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7izilmesi ama\u00e7l\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan iptidai anayasal belgeler, krallara kar\u015f\u0131 tebaan\u0131n korunmas\u0131 saikiyle daha kapsaml\u0131 yeni bir zemine oturmu\u015f ve giderek yaz\u0131l\u0131 anayasalar devletin i\u015fleyi\u015fini g\u00f6steren ve bireyin haklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na alan pozitif \u201ctemel kanun\u201dlar vasf\u0131n\u0131 kazanm\u0131\u015f ve yayg\u0131nla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130ktidar\u0131n keyfili\u011fini engelleme ve temel hak ve h\u00fcrriyetleri g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na alma ihtiyac\u0131ndan do\u011fan anayasac\u0131l\u0131k hareketi, topraklar\u0131m\u0131zda 1876 y\u0131l\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe konulan Kanun-i Esasi (Temel Kanun-Lex Fundamentalist) ile ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, 1921 ve 1924 y\u0131llar\u0131nda kabul edilen Te\u015fkilat-\u0131 Esasiye Kanunlar\u0131 ve takip eden 1961 ile 1982 Anayasalar\u0131 ile normatif olarak kabul g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Pozitif hukuk d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin normlar hiyerar\u015fisi \u00f6n kabul\u00fc gere\u011fince t\u00fcm kanun ve benzer kurallar\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnde, temel kanun olarak anayasalar\u0131n kabul edilmesi anayasan\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ilkesi olarak an\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Anayasan\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ilkesi, zirve norm olan anayasan\u0131n alt\u0131nda bulunan t\u00fcm hukuk kurallar\u0131n\u0131n anayasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131 olamayaca\u011f\u0131 ile anayasa kurallar\u0131n\u0131n herkes i\u00e7in ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131 unsurlar\u0131n\u0131 gerektirmektedir. Bu unsurlar iki ayr\u0131 g\u00fcvenceye al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Birinci g\u00fcvence bug\u00fcn Anayasa Mahkemesi olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan kanunlar\u0131n ve di\u011fer d\u00fczenlemelerin anayasaya uygunluk denetiminin yap\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. Anayasan\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn unsurlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcvenceye alan ikinci gerek ise, bizim de as\u0131l konumuz olan, anayasan\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131 ve de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesinin zorla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
B\u00f6ylece anayasan\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ilkesinin sonucu olarak anayasay\u0131 di\u011fer kanunlardan ay\u0131ran temel g\u00fcvencelerden biri anayasan\u0131n kanunlardan farkl\u0131 \u015fekilde yap\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. Anayasa yapmak tabiri, \u201cyeni anayasa kabul etmek\u201d ve \u201canayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi\u201dni de i\u00e7ermektedir. \u00c7ok geni\u015f bir konu olup, bir\u00e7ok alt ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 gerektirmektedir. Fakat bu metinde; (a) anayasalar\u0131n de\u011fi\u015ftirilme usul\u00fcn\u00fcn kanunlara g\u00f6re a\u011f\u0131rla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na g\u00f6re yap\u0131lan kat\u0131 anayasa-yumu\u015fak anayasa tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, \u00fclkede kabul edilen ge\u00e7mi\u015f anayasalar\u0131n kat\u0131 anayasa-yumu\u015fak anayasa olarak birbirleriyle ve d\u00fcnyadaki di\u011fer anayasalarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gibi nazari konulara (b) anayasa yap\u0131m s\u00fcre\u00e7lerine hakim olmas\u0131 gerek \u015fart kabul edilen \u201c\u015feffafl\u0131k\u201d, \u201ckat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k\u201d ve \u201cme\u015fruiyet\u201d ilkelerine ve bunlar\u0131n kapsam\u0131na (c) T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de her esasl\u0131 anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finde g\u00fcndeme gelen anayasa yapma iktidar\u0131na ili\u015fkin \u201casli kurucu iktidar\u201d-\u201ctali kurucu iktidar\u201d yahut \u201ckurucu iktidar \u2013 kurulmu\u015f iktidar\u201d kavramlar\u0131na ve bu kavramlar \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde d\u00f6nen tart\u0131\u015fmalara ve (d) anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikliklerinin konular\u0131n\u0131 maddi bak\u0131mdan s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131ran \u201cde\u011fi\u015ftirilemez ve de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi teklif dahi edilemez\u201d maddelere dair g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flere yer verilmeyecektir. Amac\u0131m\u0131z y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte bulunan-pozitif Anayasa maddeleri uyar\u0131nca Anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin usul\u00fcn\u00fc ele almakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
1982 Anayasas\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi usul\u00fcne ili\u015fkin 175 inci maddesi 17.05.1987 tarihli ve 3361 say\u0131l\u0131 anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi yapan kanunla son halini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de yap\u0131lan Anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikliklerinin t\u00fcm\u00fc y\u00fcz y\u0131ll\u0131k cumhuriyetin yakla\u015f\u0131k son k\u0131rk y\u0131l\u0131nda ayn\u0131 usulde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmektedir. Anayasan\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fme usul\u00fc teklif, g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme, karar ve onay safhalar\u0131na ayr\u0131larak incelenmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Anayasan\u0131n 175 inci maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131 uyar\u0131nca \u201cAnayasan\u0131n de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi \u00fcye tamsay\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n en az \u00fc\u00e7te biri taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131yla teklif edilebilir.\u201d. Anayasa yapma g\u00f6revi yasama organ\u0131n\u0131n niteli\u011fi gere\u011fi parlamento \u00fcyelerine tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Di\u011fer organlar\u0131n veya ki\u015filerin anayasa teklifi sunmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Anayasa teklifi i\u00e7in T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi (TBMM) \u00fcye tamsay\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n en az \u00fc\u00e7te birinin imzas\u0131 yani nitelikli yeter say\u0131 aranm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Anayasan\u0131n 75 inci maddesi uyar\u0131nca TBMM 600 milletvekilinden olu\u015ftu\u011fundan, anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi yapmak i\u00e7in teklifler en az 200 milletvekilinin imzas\u0131 ile yaz\u0131l\u0131 olarak sunulur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Anayasan\u0131n de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi hakk\u0131ndaki tekliflerin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fclmesi ve kabul\u00fc, Anayasan\u0131n 175 inci maddesinin ikinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f, \u00f6zel h\u00fck\u00fcmlere de bu maddede yer verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Anayasa de\u011fi\u015fiklik teklifleri, gerek\u00e7esi ile birlikte Meclis Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na sunulur. Bu teklifler Meclis Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nca Anayasa Komisyonuna sevk edilir ve \u00f6ncelikle Komisyonda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcl\u00fcr. Anayasa Komisyonu, 45 g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde teklifleri incelemekle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bu s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde incelemenin tamamlanamamas\u0131 halinde teklif sahibi milletvekilleri teklifin do\u011frudan Meclis Genel Kurulu g\u00fcndemine al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 talep edebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi tekliflerinin Meclis Genel Kurulunda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fclmesini kanunlardan farkl\u0131 k\u0131lan tek \u00f6zel anayasa h\u00fckm\u00fc, bu tekliflerin Meclis Genel Kurulunda iki kere g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fclmesidir. TBMM \u0130\u00e7t\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fc h\u00fck\u00fcmleri uyar\u0131nca Anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi teklifleri iki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmede d\u00f6rt ayr\u0131 oylamaya tabi tutulmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Birinci g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme, Anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin t\u00fcm\u00fc hakk\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler<\/em>le ba\u015flar. Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerin sonucunda maddelere ge\u00e7ilmesi hakk\u0131nda oylama <\/em>yap\u0131l\u0131r. Bu oylamada basit \u00e7o\u011funluk yeterli olup, 151 olumlu oy maddelerin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fclmesi i\u00e7in genel karar yeter say\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. Bu a\u015famada basit \u00e7o\u011funluk sa\u011flanamazsa maddelere ge\u00e7ilmez ve anayasa teklifi reddedilmi\u015f olur. Maddelere ge\u00e7ilmesi hakk\u0131nda oylaman\u0131n olumlu sonu\u00e7lanmas\u0131 halinde ise teker teker maddeler g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcl\u00fcr ve bu maddeler yine teker teker gizli oy usul\u00fcnde oylan\u0131r. De\u011fi\u015fiklik teklifleri de birinci g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerde al\u0131n\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Birinci g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmede ele al\u0131nan maddelerin t\u00fcm\u00fc ikinci g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmede de g\u00fcndeme al\u0131nacakt\u0131r. Birinci g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmede teker teker oylan\u0131p kabul oyu alan maddeler, ikinci g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmede \u00fczerinde tekrar g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme yap\u0131lmaks\u0131z\u0131n oya sunulacakt\u0131r. Birinci g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmede hakk\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fiklik teklifi verilen veya reddedilen maddeler ise ikinci g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmede \u00fczerinde tekrar g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme yap\u0131larak oylamaya sunulacakt\u0131r. TBMM \u0130\u00e7t\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fc uyar\u0131nca ikinci g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler, birinci g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerin tamamlanmas\u0131ndan en az 48 saat sonra ba\u015flayabilir. Anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikliklerine ili\u015fkin ivedilikle g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme yasa\u011f\u0131 gibi de\u011fi\u015fim s\u00fcrecini zorla\u015ft\u0131ran, de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fin kanunlar \u00fcst\u00fc \u00f6nemi gere\u011fi zamana yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan ve di\u011fer \u00fclke anayasalar\u0131na g\u00f6re k\u0131sa olan bu s\u00fcre, doktrinde serinleme s\u00fcresi olarak da an\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0130kinci g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerde \u00f6ncelikle maddeler teker teker oya sunulacakt\u0131r. Birinci g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerde \u00fczerine de\u011fi\u015fiklik teklifi verilen maddeler \u00fczerinde g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme yap\u0131larak, hakk\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fiklik teklifi olmayan maddeler ise \u00fczerinde g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme yap\u0131lmaks\u0131z\u0131n teker teker oylamaya sunulur. Tekrar teker teker oylan\u0131p kabul edilmeyen maddeler reddedilmi\u015f say\u0131l\u0131r. \u0130kinci g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerin ikinci a\u015famas\u0131nda ise teker teker oylan\u0131p kabul edilen maddelerin t\u00fcm\u00fc gizli oylamaya sunulur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikliklerine ili\u015fkin TBMM Genel Kurulunda yap\u0131lan birinci ve ikinci g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerde maddelerin teker teker oylanmas\u0131, teklife verilen de\u011fi\u015fiklik \u00f6nergesinin kabul\u00fc oylanmas\u0131, ikinci g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerde maddelerin t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn oylanmas\u0131 gizli oylama usul\u00fcyle yap\u0131l\u0131r. Bu gizli oylamalar\u0131n her birinde Anayasan\u0131n 175 inci maddesinin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc c\u00fcmlesi gere\u011fi Meclis Genel Kurulunun \u00fcye tam say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n be\u015fte \u00fc\u00e7\u00fc nitelikli \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu aran\u0131r. Bu nisapla anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikliklerinin kabul\u00fc i\u00e7in en az 360 milletvekilinin gizli oylamada kabul oyu vermesi \u015fartt\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece birinci g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmede maddelerin t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fclmesi teklifi basit \u00e7o\u011funlukla reddedilmeyen, ikinci g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmede maddelerin teker teker oylamas\u0131nda reddedilmeyen ve ikinci g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmenin sonunda maddelerin t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn oylanmas\u0131nda reddedilmeyen ve her birinde gizli oy usul\u00fcnde en az 360 kabul oyu alan anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi karara ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f olacak ve onay a\u015famas\u0131na ge\u00e7ecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Anayasan\u0131n 175 inci maddesi Mecliste kabul edilen bir anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi kanununu onaylama yetkisini Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 ile halk aras\u0131nda payla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. TBMM taraf\u0131ndan anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z usulde kabul edilen bir anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fine ili\u015fkin Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n onaylama, halk oyuna sunma ve geri g\u00f6nderme olmak \u00fczere \u00fc\u00e7 ayr\u0131 yetkisi bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bu yetkileri kullanmaktaki serbestiyet ve zorunluluk anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin meclis kabul \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu say\u0131lar\u0131na g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi kanununun TBMM Genel Kurulunun \u00fcye tam say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7te ikisi, yani 400 ve \u00fczeri milletvekilinin oyuyla kabul edilmesi halinde Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi onaylayabilir, halkoylamas\u0131na sunabilir veya geri g\u00f6nderebilir. Bu durumda anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi kanunun halkoylamas\u0131na sunulmas\u0131 ihtiyaridir. Sadece bu \u00e7o\u011funluk kategorisinde Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi halk oyuna sunmaks\u0131z\u0131n veya geri g\u00f6ndermeksizin onaylayabilir ve anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi Resmi Gazete\u2019de yay\u0131nlanabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi kanununun TBMM Genel Kurulunun \u00fcye tam say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n be\u015fte \u00fc\u00e7\u00fc ila \u00fc\u00e7te ikisi aras\u0131nda bir \u00e7o\u011funlukla, yani 360 ila 399 milletvekilinin oyuyla kabul edilmesi halinde ise Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi geri g\u00f6nderir veya halk oyuna sunar. Bu durumda Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n do\u011frudan de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi onaylama ve yay\u0131nlama yetkisi yoktur. Anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin yay\u0131nlanabilmesi ve y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmesi i\u00e7in Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131nca halkoyuna sunulmas\u0131 zorunludur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fczere her iki kabul \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu t\u00fcr\u00fcnde de Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi kanununu tekrar g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fclmek \u00fczere geri g\u00f6nderme yetkisi bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bu durumda TBMM anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z ayn\u0131 usul ve \u00e7o\u011funluk oranlar\u0131yla anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fini tekrar g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr ve karara ba\u011flar. Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n geri g\u00f6ndermesi \u00fczerine kabul edilen anaysa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fini, Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 tekrar geri g\u00f6nderemez. Di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n geri g\u00f6nderme-veto yetkisi kesin veto de\u011fil, geciktirici vetodur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n geri g\u00f6ndermesi \u00fczerine TBMM taraf\u0131ndan karara ba\u011flanan ve kabul edilen anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi tekrar Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131na g\u00f6nderildi\u011finde Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n yetkileri yine de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fin Mecliste kabul g\u00f6rme \u00e7o\u011funluk oranlar\u0131na g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fmektedir. E\u011fer geri g\u00f6nderilen de\u011fi\u015fiklik kanununun TBMM Genel Kurulunun \u00fcye tam say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7te ikisi, yani 400 ve \u00fczeri milletvekilinin oyuyla kabul edilmesi halinde Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 do\u011frudan onaylayabilir veya ihtiyari olarak halkoyuna sunabilir. Di\u011fer ihtimal olan TBMM Genel Kurulunun \u00fcye tam say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n be\u015fte \u00fc\u00e7\u00fc ila \u00fc\u00e7te ikisi aras\u0131nda bir \u00e7o\u011funlukla, yani 360 ila 399 milletvekilinin oyuyla kabul etmesi halinde ise Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 tek se\u00e7ene\u011fe sahip olup anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi kanunu zorunlu olarak halkoyuna sunulacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n halkoylamas\u0131na sunma yetkisinin meclis kabul \u00e7o\u011funluklara g\u00f6re ihtiyari oldu\u011fu durumlarda Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 maddelerin bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 onaylay\u0131p bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 halk oyuna sunabilir. Bu durumda halkoylamas\u0131na sunulmayan ve Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131nca onaylanan ve halkoylamas\u0131na sunulmayan k\u0131s\u0131mlar Resmi Gazete\u2019de yay\u0131nlan\u0131r. Yine TBMM anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi kanununun halkoylamas\u0131na sunulmas\u0131 halinde, hangi maddelerinin birlikte hangi maddelerinin ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 oylanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 karara ba\u011flayabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin halkoyuna sunulmas\u0131, ilgili Anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi kanununun halkoyuna sunulmak \u00fczere Resmi Gazete\u2019de yay\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 takip eden altm\u0131\u015f\u0131nc\u0131 g\u00fcnden sonraki ilk pazar g\u00fcn\u00fc yap\u0131l\u0131r. Halkoyuna sunulma i\u015flemleri, Y\u00fcksek se\u00e7im kurulunun y\u00f6netim ve denetiminde se\u00e7im kurular\u0131nca y\u00f6netilir. Halkoylamas\u0131nda beyaz renk \u00fczerine \u201cEvet\u201d, kahverengi \u00fczerinde \u201cHay\u0131r\u201d ibareleri bulunan iki ayr\u0131 renkten m\u00fcte\u015fekkil birle\u015fik oy pusulas\u0131 kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Halkoylamas\u0131na kat\u0131lanlar, \u00fczerinde \u00f6zel i\u015faret bulunan m\u00fchr\u00fc pusulada tercih etti\u011fi k\u0131sm\u0131n \u00fczerine basarak oyunu kullan\u0131r. Halkoyuna sunulan Anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikliklerine ili\u015fkin kanunlar\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmesi i\u00e7in, halkoylamas\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan ge\u00e7erli oylar\u0131n yar\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7o\u011funun kabul oyu olmas\u0131 gerekir. Halkoylamas\u0131nda kabul edilen anayasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi kanunu, halkoylamas\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n Resm\u00ee Gazete\u2019de yay\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihte y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte bulunan mevcut Anayasa normlar\u0131na g\u00f6re yeni anayasa yap\u0131lmas\u0131 usul\u00fcn\u00fc \u015fekli bak\u0131mdan ele ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, anayasa yap\u0131m s\u00fcrecinin kanunlardan daha zorla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rmekteyiz. Temel kanun niteli\u011finde bulunan anayasalar\u0131n teklif edilmesi i\u00e7in nitelikli say\u0131da milletvekili aranm\u0131\u015f, Meclis Genel Kurulunda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fclme say\u0131s\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler aras\u0131 serinleme s\u00fcresi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Meclis Genel Kurulunda yap\u0131lan oylamalarda uzla\u015fman\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in nitelikli \u00e7o\u011funluk \u015fart ko\u015fulmu\u015f ve iradenin serbest\u00e7e ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilmesi i\u00e7in gizli oylama usul\u00fc benimsenmi\u015ftir. Anayasan\u0131n Mecliste karara ba\u011flanmas\u0131ndan sonra ise onay a\u015famas\u0131 halk ile Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 aras\u0131nda payla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n geri g\u00f6nderme yetkisi k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 \u015fekilde geciktirici veto olarak d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. Anayasadaki mevcut d\u00fczenleme, y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girme i\u00e7in halkoylamas\u0131 yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gere\u011fine a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k vermi\u015f, anayasa yap\u0131m s\u00fcrecinin me\u015fruiyetinin do\u011frudan millet iradesine dayanmas\u0131n\u0131 esas alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Abdullah Eren, Anayasa Hukuku Dersleri, Ankara, Se\u00e7kin, Yedinci Bask\u0131, 2025.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Erdo\u011fan Tezi\u00e7, Anayasa Hukuku, \u0130stanbul, Beta, Yirmi Birinci Bask\u0131, 2017.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ergun \u00d6zbudun, T\u00fcrk Anayasa Hukuku, Ankara, Yetkin, On \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Bask\u0131, 2012.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Kemal G\u00f6zler, T\u00fcrk Anayasa Hukuku, Bursa, Ekin, Birinci Bask\u0131, 2000. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" D\u00fcnyada on sekizinci y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u201cyaz\u0131l\u0131 anayasa\u201d ve \u201canayasan\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u201d anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n hakimiyeti ile anayasac\u0131l\u0131k hareketi 1787 Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri Anayasas\u0131 ve 1791 Frans\u0131z Anayasas\u0131 olarak tebar\u00fcz etmi\u015ftir. Bat\u0131da kilise d\u0131\u015f\u0131 iktidar sahibi olmak isteyen krallar ile kilisenin yetki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda iktidar s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7izilmesi ama\u00e7l\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan iptidai anayasal belgeler, krallara kar\u015f\u0131 tebaan\u0131n korunmas\u0131 saikiyle daha kapsaml\u0131 yeni […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":24,"featured_media":218,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[45],"issue":[3],"class_list":["post-176","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-202604_1","tag-gokhan-turkoglu","issue-nisan-2026"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ozgurcedergi.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/176","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ozgurcedergi.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ozgurcedergi.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ozgurcedergi.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/24"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ozgurcedergi.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=176"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/ozgurcedergi.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/176\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":177,"href":"https:\/\/ozgurcedergi.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/176\/revisions\/177"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ozgurcedergi.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/218"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ozgurcedergi.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=176"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ozgurcedergi.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=176"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ozgurcedergi.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=176"},{"taxonomy":"issue","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ozgurcedergi.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fissue&post=176"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}c- Karar A\u015famas\u0131<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
d- Onay A\u015famas\u0131<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Kaynak\u00e7a<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n