{"id":166,"date":"2026-04-01T06:00:03","date_gmt":"2026-04-01T03:00:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ozgurcedergi.com\/?p=166"},"modified":"2026-04-01T01:19:35","modified_gmt":"2026-03-31T22:19:35","slug":"insan-toplum-devlet-iliskisi-ve-anayasa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ozgurcedergi.com\/?p=166","title":{"rendered":"\u0130nsan\/Toplum\/Devlet \u0130li\u015fkisi ve Anayasa"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>I<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130nsan\u0131n do\u011fas\u0131nda iyilik ve k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fmeyen \u00f6zelliklerdendir. D\u00fcnyaya geli\u015fiyle korumas\u0131z olan insan bar\u0131nma,beslenme, giyinme ile ba\u015flay\u0131p \u00e7e\u015fitlenen ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ayakta kal\u0131r. Bu ihtiya\u00e7lar aileyi zorunlu k\u0131lar. \u0130lk d\u00f6nemlerde k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kabilelerden hanedanl\u0131\u011fa ba\u011fl\u0131 imparatorluklara kadar, birlikte ya\u015fama, toplumsalla\u015fma a\u015famas\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde \u00e7ok katmanl\u0131 merhaleye ula\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130nsan tek ba\u015f\u0131na ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 gideremez, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla topluluk i\u00e7inde ya\u015famak zorunlulu\u011fu duyar. Her insan menfaatine d\u00fc\u015fk\u00fcn olarak toplumsall\u0131\u011f\u0131 olu\u015fturdu\u011funda, ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olarak \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Bir arada bar\u0131\u015f i\u00e7inde payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 y\u00f6netmek, ortak kabulle olu\u015facak kurallar\u0131 bir ihtiya\u00e7 olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ihtiyac\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layan yaz\u0131l\u0131 kurallar modern d\u00f6nemde anayasa metni olarak topluma sunulur ve onay talep edilir. \u0130nsan\u0131n geli\u015fmeye de\u011fi\u015fmeye a\u00e7\u0131k olu\u015fu,&nbsp; toplumsal hayat\u0131n dinamik yap\u0131s\u0131, yasalar\u0131n korunmas\u0131 ve do\u011fru uygulanmas\u0131 ihtiyac\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131,&nbsp; farkl\u0131 kimlikleri y\u00f6netme ihtiyac\u0131 devleti ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r.&nbsp; Hakemlik durumunda kurallara uymayanlar\u0131n cezaland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p \u0131slah etme yetkisi devlete verilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Devletin y\u00fcr\u00fctme,yasama, yarg\u0131 unsurlar\u0131ndan olu\u015fan yap\u0131s\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmetler eliyle y\u00f6netilir. Kimin y\u00f6netece\u011finin belirlenmesi halk\u0131n se\u00e7imiyle onayland\u0131\u011f\u0131 demokrasiler toplumsal de\u011fi\u015fim s\u00fcre\u00e7ler sonras\u0131 \u201cen az sorunlu\u201d y\u00f6netim tarz\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>17. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda ulusla\u015fma s\u00fcrecine giden yolu a\u00e7an Westfalya anla\u015fmas\u0131 sonras\u0131 ondokuzuncu y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131nda hanedanl\u0131klardan kopu\u015fla yeni ulus devlet anayasalar\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyada devreye girdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Anayasalar tarih i\u00e7inde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan bar\u0131\u015f ve insan haklar\u0131 bildirgelerinin ilham\u0131 ve tecr\u00fcbesinden etkiyle nitelik kazand\u0131. Ailenin, bireyin toplumsal bask\u0131lardan korunmas\u0131, kimlikler kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda devletin tutumu&nbsp; ne oranda tarafs\u0131z oldu\u011fu tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130nsan\u0131n devletle\u015fme s\u00fcrecinden \u00f6nce do\u011fal, \u00f6zg\u00fcr konumunun devletle\u015fme ile teminat alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131 talabini seslendiren d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrler, \u201ctemel haklar\u0131n\u201d devletin korumas\u0131na \u201canayasal g\u00fcvence\u201d ile verilmesini \u00f6nerirken devletin ancak bu sayede me\u015fru olabilece\u011fi \u00fczerinde durdular. Aksi takdirde devletin \u201chukuk devleti\u201d say\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131ndan hareketle Cohn Locke insan\u0131n temel haklar\u0131n\u0131 ihlal eden devlete kar\u015f\u0131 \u201cba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131y\u0131\u201d hak olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcr. Ancak g\u00fcvenlik g\u00fc\u00e7leri yetkisine verilen devlete kar\u015f\u0131 fiili eylem pratikte zordur. Bu a\u015famada yarg\u0131 daha etkili \u00f6zellikler ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tarihin her d\u00f6neminde ya\u015fam\u0131n debisi, toplumsall\u0131\u011f\u0131n durumuna g\u00f6re anayasalar farkl\u0131l\u0131k ve benzerlik g\u00f6sterir. 20. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda etkili olan ulus devlet anayasalar\u0131 \u00f6nceki d\u00f6nemin korkular\u0131na reaksiyoner \u00f6zellikleri muhtevas\u0131nda bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131r. Fa\u015fizmin egemen oldu\u011fu yirminci y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131nda anayasalarda hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerden ziyade&nbsp; vatanda\u015fa vazife y\u00fckleme zihniyetiyle hareket eder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Her&nbsp; \u00fclkede, mitolojik destekli bir kurtar\u0131c\u0131 \u00fczerinden, korkulu, totaliter, d\u0131\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7 korkusunu devrede tutan anayasalar\u0131n ana gayesi \u201c homojenle\u015ftirme\u201d&nbsp; olarak tebar\u00fcz eder. Farkl\u0131 etnik ve dini gruplar\u0131 tek \u0131rk \u00fczerinden bir payda alt\u0131na alarak \u201culus yaratma\u201d \u00e7abas\u0131 devletin benimsedi\u011fi ideolojiyi vatanda\u015flar\u0131na dayatmas\u0131, bask\u0131 ortamlar\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131 ve itirazlar\u0131n sert kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k bulmas\u0131 Bizans vari \u201ckutsal devlet\u201d anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n yans\u0131mas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130nsan\u0131n ne d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnece\u011fini, nas\u0131l d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnece\u011fini belirleyen ulus devlet anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131nda insan nesne konumunda devlet i\u00e7in var olan, iradesiz varl\u0131\u011fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Devletin \u201ciyinin ve k\u00f6t\u00fcn\u00fcn\u201d belirleyicisi olma \u00e7abas\u0131yla ontolojik okuma yapma yetkisini kendinde g\u00f6rmesi geli\u015fmenin \u00f6n\u00fcne duvar \u00f6rmek, halk\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fman g\u00f6rmekle sonu\u00e7lan\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye siyasi tarihi say\u0131lan \u00f6rneklerin ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 ma\u011fduriyet m\u00fczesidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>II<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>21. Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk \u00e7eyre\u011fini ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bu d\u00f6nem, toplum yap\u0131s\u0131 dijital teknolojinin imkan verdi\u011fi farkl\u0131 ko\u015fullarda \u201cyeni bir anayasa\u201d ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131,&nbsp; d\u00fcnya \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011finde, hissettiriyor. Yeni \u015fartlar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layan anayasay\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren \u00fclkelerin geli\u015fim a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan avantajl\u0131 olacaklar\u0131n\u0131 tahmin etmek zor de\u011fil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bir yandan \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn varl\u0131k tasavvuruna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak flula\u015fmas\u0131, gelirin say\u0131l\u0131 ellerde ba\u015f edilemez g\u00fcce d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fin daha rafine ve ac\u0131mas\u0131z olu\u015fu kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda d\u00fcnyan\u0131n her zamankinden \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 olarak g\u00fcvensiz hale gelmesi, hukukun yerine g\u00fcc\u00fcn egemen olmas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda yeni ko\u015fullar\u0131n \u00fcstesinden gelecek nitelikleri bar\u0131nd\u0131ran anayasaya ihtiya\u00e7 var.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>D\u00fcnyan\u0131n zirvesinde \u201cg\u00fcven sorunu\u201d bulunmaktad\u0131r. Uluslararas\u0131 alanda yapt\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7eren hukukun eksikli\u011fi, durumdan vazife \u00e7\u0131karan egemenlerin sald\u0131r\u0131, i\u015fgal, soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 rutinle\u015ftirerek normalle\u015ftirme \u00e7abalar\u0131 vicdanlar\u0131 sa\u011f\u0131rla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yor. Art\u0131k devletler ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z de\u011fil.&nbsp; G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fclerin lehine, pompalanan korku sonucu, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcn\u00fcn yan\u0131nda yer al\u0131p adaleti g\u00f6zetmemek adeta hayatta kalman\u0131n gerek\u00e7esi haline getirildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>B\u00fct\u00fcn sorunlar\u0131n anayasalar yoluyla d\u00fczelece\u011fi s\u00f6ylenemez. Anayasa ile \u00fclke i\u00e7i hakkaniyetli payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n bar\u0131\u015fa, birli\u011fe ve \u00fclke savunmas\u0131na katk\u0131 sunaca\u011f\u0131 a\u015fikar. \u0130nsan ve toplum, hukuk zemini motive edildi\u011finde hesapta olmayan dinamiklerin devreye girmesi imkan dahilindedir. Korkunun \u00f6rg\u00fctledi\u011fi devlet kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda vatanda\u015f\u0131n savunma refleksi bar\u0131\u015f ve g\u00fcven ortam\u0131nda verimli \u00fcretime yerini b\u0131rak\u0131r. Bu geli\u015fme maddi&nbsp; \u00fcretimle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olamaz, karde\u015fli\u011fi, huzuru, merhameti devreye alan, do\u011fruyu ilham eden manevi kalk\u0131nma ile senkronize geli\u015fmeye ihtiya\u00e7 var.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00fcrkiyenin tarihi, ge\u00e7mi\u015finde sakl\u0131 duran dinamikler bu konuda \u00f6nemli zenginli\u011fe sahiptir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>III<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Yeni bir anayasa fikrine dair:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Yeni anayasada de\u011fi\u015ftirilemez maddeler olamaz, olmamal\u0131. Dondurulmu\u015f maddeler, her \u015feyden \u00f6nce insan\u0131n ve toplumun dinamik karakteriyle ba\u011fda\u015fmaz. \u0130nsanda kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olmayan bir \u00f6zelli\u011fin zamana ve mekana uyum sa\u011flamas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Yasan\u0131n insanlar\u0131 birbirine ba\u011flayarak birli\u011fin korunmas\u0131n\u0131 imkanl\u0131 k\u0131lan \u201c\u00fclke sevgisidir\u201d. \u00dclke, vatan, millet, y\u00f6netim \u015fekliyle b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fen maddi ve manevi b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn adland\u0131rmas\u0131d\u0131r. Devlet istisna olmaks\u0131z\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn vatanda\u015flardan, \u201cgerek\u00e7esi insan\u0131n kendinde sakl\u0131,\u201d \u00fclke sevgisi bekler. Adalet duygusu, tutarl\u0131l\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan elzem bir ihtiya\u00e7t\u0131r \u00fclkeyi sevmek. Aksi a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ve eylem yoluyla beyan edilmedik\u00e7e devlet vatanda\u015f\u0131n\u0131n \u00fclke sevgisinden \u015f\u00fcphe etmez, edemez. Devlet veya bir ba\u015fka ki\u015fi veya grup niyet okuyup hi\u00e7bir vatanda\u015f\u0131n sevgisini sorgulayamaz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Devlet-yasa her vatanda\u015f\u0131n\u0131 etnik k\u00f6ken, inan\u00e7,&nbsp; vb. ayr\u0131m g\u00f6zetmeksizin \u201chak ve sorumluluk a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan e\u015fit\u201d kabul eder.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Her vatanda\u015f\u0131n kalbinde ilk s\u0131rada kendi \u00fclkesinin olmas\u0131 gerekir. Bu durum farkl\u0131 \u00fclke ve insanlar\u0131 sevmeye engel de\u011fil. \u00dclke sevgisi, tek de\u011fi\u015fmez,&nbsp;&nbsp; anayasan\u0131n ilk maddesi olarak yer almal\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Yeni anayasa \u00e7o\u011fulcu ve kat\u0131l\u0131ma imkan veren, y\u00fcr\u00fctmenin STK marifetiyle denetimine a\u00e7\u0131k olmal\u0131. Elektronik teknolojisinin imkan\u0131yla uygulamalara halk\u0131n dolayl\u0131 ve do\u011frudan kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131na imkan tan\u0131nmal\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Yeni anayasa devleti ideolojik yap\u0131da g\u00f6rmemeli. Aksine b\u00fct\u00fcn ideolojilerin seslendirilmesine, istifadeye sunulmas\u0131na imkan tan\u0131mal\u0131, aralar\u0131nda \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma durumuna kar\u015f\u0131 kriter olu\u015fturmal\u0131. \u201cFarkl\u0131 fakat e\u015fit\u201d anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7inde hareket etmeli. D\u00fcnya tecr\u00fcbesi g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir ki dar mekanda farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 bir arada bar\u0131\u015f i\u00e7inde y\u00f6netmeyi beceren rejimler, ba\u015far\u0131 konusunda daha avantajl\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.&nbsp; K\u00fcresel mozai\u011fin enerjisi i\u00e7 g\u00fcven ve bar\u0131\u015f i\u00e7inde devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde toplumsal diren\u00e7 daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc yap\u0131 olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye tarihinin k\u00f6klerinde ilham al\u0131nacak \u00f6nemli tecr\u00fcbe ve birikim do\u011fru uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda&nbsp; evrensel boyutta y\u00fcksek bir \u00f6zg\u00fcven imkan\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kacakt\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Temel insan haklar\u0131 konusunda sayg\u0131l\u0131 olmak yeterli olamaz. Hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerin ya\u015fanmas\u0131n\u0131n, korunmas\u0131n\u0131n, geli\u015ftirilmesinin teminat\u0131 olarak devleti g\u00f6ren ve ihlal durumunda cezay\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6ren yap\u0131y\u0131 anayasa ayr\u0131ms\u0131z olarak her vatanda\u015f ve farkl\u0131 gruplar i\u00e7in \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcr. Ya\u015fama hakk\u0131, din ve vicdan \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, emek ve m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131, aile kurma ve nesil emniyetini ayr\u0131ma f\u0131rsat vermeden her vatanda\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7in hak g\u00f6r\u00fcr ve bu haklar\u0131 engelleyen ko\u015fullar\u0131 d\u00fczeltir. Ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa, \u015fiddete, hakarete y\u00f6nelmeden devlete, \u015fah\u0131slara, farkl\u0131 gruplara yap\u0131lacak ele\u015ftirileri geli\u015fme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ihtiya\u00e7 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcr.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Temel haklar hi\u00e7bir fark g\u00f6zetmeksizin e\u015fitlik i\u00e7eren haklard\u0131r. Oylanamaz, devletle kaim olmayan bu haklar\u0131n ihlal edilmesi durumunda, \u015fah\u0131s, grup, devlet ayn\u0131 duyarl\u0131l\u0131kla yarg\u0131 eliyle cezaya muhatap k\u0131l\u0131n\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Devlet i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f g\u00fcvenli\u011fi sa\u011flamakla sorumludur.Vatanda\u015flar aras\u0131nda veya k\u00fclt\u00fcrel gruplar aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 \u00f6ncelikle bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l yoldan daha potansiyel a\u015famada d\u00fczeltir. D\u0131\u015f g\u00fcvenlik i\u00e7in daima haz\u0131r olmak ve \u00fclkeyi savunmak ad\u0131na ordu kurar ve te\u00e7hizatland\u0131r\u0131r. \u00dclke savunmas\u0131 ve g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ad\u0131na askerlik ve vergi mevzuat\u0131n\u0131 ayr\u0131ms\u0131z kriterlerle uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Anayasadaki hak ve&nbsp; \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerin tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc istisnai durumlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kanun, y\u00f6netmelik, genelge, yarg\u0131 yoluyla daralt\u0131lamaz, k\u0131s\u0131tlamaya y\u00f6nelik yorumlar yap\u0131lamaz. Yap\u0131lacak b\u00fct\u00fcn yorumlar\u0131n insan onur ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ihmal edilmeden yap\u0131lmas\u0131 teminat alt\u0131na al\u0131n\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ya\u015fayan her insan\u0131n haklar\u0131n\u0131 korumas\u0131&nbsp; yan\u0131nda tarihi simalar ve her insan i\u00e7in hakaret i\u00e7ermeyen ele\u015ftirilerin \u00f6tesine izin&nbsp; verilemez. Bu durum cevap hakk\u0131ndan yoksun d\u00fcnyadan g\u00f6\u00e7enleri onurlar\u0131n\u0131n daha dikkatli korunmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirir. Ayr\u0131ca sevgi bahsinde her insan\u0131n tercih hakk\u0131 sakl\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u00dclke kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n belirli ellerde toplanan keyfi g\u00fc\u00e7 olmas\u0131 yerine, kalk\u0131nmay\u0131 tabana yayan, devlet te\u015fvikiyle&nbsp; \u00e7ok ortakl\u0131 yap\u0131lar\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131 kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 ekonomi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131l\u0131nmal\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Devlet temel haklar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak kar getirmeyen hizmet ve \u00fcretimi yerine getirirken, \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6re aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131 hizmetleri a\u00e7\u0131k, eri\u015filebilir, denetlenebilir kayd\u0131yla ihale edebilir. Kendi denetimi yan\u0131nda olu\u015fturulan y\u00f6ntemlerle STK\u2019lar\u0131n denetimine a\u00e7\u0131k hale gelmesi sa\u011flan\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>E\u011fitim devletin tekelinden \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p \u201ctam \u00f6zel\u201d hale gelmeli. \u00c7o\u011fulcu, yar\u0131\u015fmac\u0131, ge\u00e7mi\u015fi gelece\u011fe tutarl\u0131l\u0131kla ba\u011flayan gen\u00e7li\u011fin olu\u015fmas\u0131 ad\u0131na dinamik s\u00fcre\u00e7, vak\u0131f ve derneklere denetim kayd\u0131yla b\u0131rakmal\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Devlet her ya\u015f grubuna y\u00f6nelik, \u00f6zel ve resmi temsilcilerin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu \u201ce\u011fitim \u015furas\u0131\u201d ile kriterlerin yeterlili\u011fini \u00f6l\u00e7erek diplomalar\u0131 ge\u00e7erli hale getirir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Temel haklar hari\u00e7, kararlar h\u00fck\u00fcmet ve t\u00fcm kurumlarda&nbsp; oy \u00e7oklu\u011fuyla&nbsp; al\u0131n\u0131r. Demokrasilerin zaaf noktas\u0131 olan bu a\u015famada az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n haklar\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131 i\u00e7in&nbsp; \u201chakemlik kurumu\u201d olu\u015fmas\u0131 sa\u011flan\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Yeni anayasa yarg\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamaya, geli\u015ftirmeye imkan sunmal\u0131. Cezaland\u0131rman\u0131n tutsakl\u0131k yoluyla olu\u015fan tek kabul\u00fcn\u00fc su\u00e7una g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fik y\u00f6ntemlerle \u201csu\u00e7un \u015fahsili\u011fi ve \u0131slah\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi\u201d&nbsp; ilkesinden hareketle farkl\u0131 y\u00f6ntemlerin ele al\u0131nmas\u0131 sa\u011flanmal\u0131. Aile, miras gibi konularda \u201ctahkim usul\u00fc\u201d y\u00f6ntemiyle sorun \u00e7\u00f6zme y\u00f6ntemi , denetleme kayd\u0131yla,&nbsp; sivil alana devredilmeli. Kamu davas\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki sorunlar\u0131n ad\u0131m ad\u0131m devlete y\u00fck olmadan tahkim ve hakemlik yoluyla \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc te\u015fvik edilmeli. Mali ve \u015fikayete ba\u011fl\u0131 konular trafik cezalar\u0131nda oldu\u011fu gibi ekonomik yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar, ev hapsi, hakemlik, emek \u00fczerinden \u00f6deme imkan\u0131, k\u0131smi hak mahrumiyeti, ge\u00e7ici hak mahrumiyeti benzeri cezaland\u0131rma y\u00f6ntemlerine f\u0131rsat verilmeli. Ki\u015finin ailesiyle b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda mahkumun konumuna uygun ceza se\u00e7enekleri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmeli. B\u00fct\u00fcn ailenin cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmamas\u0131na dikkat edilmeli.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Mahkemenin devlete kar\u015f\u0131 \u015fikayetlerde dolayl\u0131 olarak duygusal e\u011filim g\u00f6sterip devletten yana taraf olaca\u011f\u0131 kayg\u0131s\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 farkl\u0131 desteklerin, sivil insiyatiflerin&nbsp; devreye al\u0131nmas\u0131 sa\u011flanmal\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Teknik geli\u015fme, ke\u015fifler, bulu\u015flar\u0131n devlet deste\u011fi yan\u0131nda manevi kalk\u0131nma olarak erdemlerin ya\u015fanmas\u0131, geli\u015ftirilmesi, ya\u015fat\u0131lmas\u0131 desteklenmeli. Tarihe mal olmu\u015f ilim, irfan, sevgi, adalet, bar\u0131\u015f \u00fczerinde eserler ve fiili katk\u0131lar sunmu\u015f simalar\u0131n bilinmesine, g\u00fcncel ara\u00e7 ve ko\u015fullarla yeniden de\u011ferlendirilmesine imkan tan\u0131nmal\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>lV<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Devlet ve kurumlar\u0131ndan gaye insan\u0131n adil, hukuki zeminde huzur ve mutlulu\u011funu sa\u011flamakt\u0131r. \u0130nsan, toplum, devlet \u00fc\u00e7geninde dengenin yegane imkan\u0131 hukuktur. Bireyler aras\u0131 ili\u015fkiler, birey toplum, birey devlet, toplum devlet&nbsp; dengesinde&nbsp; potansiyel ve fiili gerilimi y\u00f6netmek, \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 \u00f6nleyip bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 besleyici imkana kavu\u015fturma \u00e7abas\u0131 zaman\u0131n \u00f6nemli ihtiyac\u0131 olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kar. Bu durumda insan\u0131n irfanla a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131ma durmas\u0131, insan\u0131n daha se\u00e7imlerinden \u00f6nce yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015ftan varl\u0131klar i\u00e7inde onurlu varl\u0131k oldu\u011funun kabul\u00fc, sevgi baysiyle ya\u015fan\u0131r \u201ciklime\u201d d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesiyle m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Temel insan haklar\u0131n\u0131n ki\u015fide sorumluluk bilinciyle kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k bulmas\u0131 gereklidir.&nbsp; Sorumluluk,her k\u00fclt\u00fcrel adresin, ahlak ve e\u011fitim konusu ile \u00fczerinde yo\u011funla\u015faca\u011f\u0131 \u00f6neme haizdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hayat, toplumsal ak\u0131\u015f d\u00fczeyinde, iki boyutun i\u00e7 i\u00e7e y\u00fcr\u00fcmesiyle kaimdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cDayan\u0131\u015fmak i\u00e7in temel haklar, yar\u0131\u015fmak i\u00e7in kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f haklar\u201d olarak g\u00fcn\u00fcn her an\u0131nda ve mekan\u0131nda birbirinden ayr\u0131lmadan y\u00fcr\u00fcr. B\u00fct\u00fcn haklar di\u011fer insan\u0131n dikkate al\u0131nmas\u0131yla&nbsp; sorumlulu\u011fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla haklar\u0131n korunmas\u0131 ve geli\u015fmesi ancak ahlaki boyutta sorumlulukla m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yurtta\u015flar aras\u0131nda siyasi partiler de se\u00e7imle, yar\u0131\u015fma sonucu h\u00fck\u00fcmet g\u00f6revi al\u0131rlar. Ayr\u0131ca \u00fcniversite ve belli stat\u00fcler i\u00e7in s\u0131navla se\u00e7meler yap\u0131l\u0131r. Devlet h\u00fck\u00fcmetler eliyle bu se\u00e7imin do\u011fru yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131, \u201cemanet ve ehliyetin\u201d yerindeli\u011fini kontrol etmekle sorumlu olur. Ancak temel haklar\u0131n ahlaki d\u00fczlemde bilince d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmedi\u011fi durumlarda yar\u0131\u015fmac\u0131 \u00f6zelli\u011fe sahip kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f haklar\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 da yaralan\u0131r.Devletin yar\u0131\u015fmac\u0131 haklarda hakemlik g\u00f6revi, halk, muhalefet ve STK\u2019lar eliyle denetime a\u00e7\u0131k olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Erdemli toplum,adil devletin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 ve sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcyebilmesi, insan unsurunun erdemiyle do\u011frudan ilgilidir.&nbsp; Sorunsuz toplum ve devlet m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Buna mukabil sorunlar\u0131n azalt\u0131lmas\u0131, su\u00e7 oran\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olmas\u0131, insanlar\u0131n kimli\u011fini engelsiz ya\u015fayabildi\u011fi, meram\u0131n\u0131 anlatabildi\u011fi, hakk\u0131n\u0131 arayabilece\u011fi, toplumsal d\u00fczeyde adalet, sevgi ve merhametin ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortamla m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130nsan ara\u00e7 de\u011fildir. \u0130nsan devlet i\u00e7in var de\u011fil, devlet insan i\u00e7in vard\u0131r. Tersini ortaya koyanlar\u0131n y\u00f6netim \u015fekli diktat\u00f6rl\u00fckt\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>I \u0130nsan\u0131n do\u011fas\u0131nda iyilik ve k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fmeyen \u00f6zelliklerdendir. D\u00fcnyaya geli\u015fiyle korumas\u0131z olan insan bar\u0131nma,beslenme, giyinme ile ba\u015flay\u0131p \u00e7e\u015fitlenen ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ayakta kal\u0131r. Bu ihtiya\u00e7lar aileyi zorunlu k\u0131lar. \u0130lk d\u00f6nemlerde k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kabilelerden hanedanl\u0131\u011fa ba\u011fl\u0131 imparatorluklara kadar, birlikte ya\u015fama, toplumsalla\u015fma a\u015famas\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde \u00e7ok katmanl\u0131 merhaleye ula\u015ft\u0131. \u0130nsan tek ba\u015f\u0131na ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 gideremez, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla topluluk i\u00e7inde ya\u015famak zorunlulu\u011fu duyar. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":23,"featured_media":187,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[44],"issue":[3],"class_list":["post-166","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-202604_1","tag-ahmet-mercan","issue-nisan-2026"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ozgurcedergi.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/166","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ozgurcedergi.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ozgurcedergi.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ozgurcedergi.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/23"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ozgurcedergi.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=166"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/ozgurcedergi.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/166\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":227,"href":"https:\/\/ozgurcedergi.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/166\/revisions\/227"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ozgurcedergi.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/187"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ozgurcedergi.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=166"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ozgurcedergi.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=166"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ozgurcedergi.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=166"},{"taxonomy":"issue","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ozgurcedergi.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fissue&post=166"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}